ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
A Bittersweet Response to Infection in Diabetes; Targeting Neutrophils to Modify Inflammation and Improve Host Immunity.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 112 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of the effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2026Pooled it
- Association of preadmission metformin use and prognosis in patients with sepsis with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026 · on this mapPooled it
- Alterations in Immune Cell Profiles in the Liver in Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Pneumococcal Vaccine for Adults Aged ≥19 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2023.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2023Guideline
- Association of Inpatient Diabetes Specialist Consultation with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Diabetes Hospitalized for Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial Peptides for Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Infections: Current Evidence and Translational Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The diabetic wound microenvironment drives emergence and maintenance of CovRS variants in group BInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Article
- Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence by Uveitis Etiology at a Japanese Tertiary Center.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Emerging evidence for anti-PD-1 and IFN-γ as adjunctive immunotherapy in invasive mold infections.mBio · 2026Article
- Emerging cryptococcosis cases in Himalayan & sub-Himalayan regions of India.New microbes and new infections · 2026Article
- Association of Diabetes Mellitus With a Shared Hyperinflammatory Immune Response in Patients With Melioidosis and Patients With Tuberculosis: An Observational Case-Control Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps in diabetes mellitus and its complications: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications.iScience · 2026Review
- Clinical characteristics and prognostic analysis of sepsis in immunocompromised and non-immunocompromised patients: a prospective cohort study in the emergency department.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Hematological and immune cell changes in complete blood count before and after hemodialysis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Sitagliptin Modulates Functional and Phenotypic Properties of Human Neutrophils Under Normal- and High-Glucose Conditions In Vitro.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Comparative analysis of salivary IL-4 and CXCL6 dynamics following tooth extraction in diabetic and non-diabetic patients.Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal · 2026Article
- Uncontrolled Diabetes as the Sole Risk Factor in a Rare Candida glabrata Tubo-Ovarian Abscess.Cureus · 2026Article
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic and recurrent infections occur commonly in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D, T2D) and increase patient morbidity and mortality. Neutrophils are professional phagocytes of the innate immune system that are critical in pathogen handling. Neutrophil responses to infection are dysregulated in diabetes, predominantly mediated by persistent hyperglycaemia; the chief biochemical abnormality in T1D and T2D. Therapeutically enhancing host immunity in diabetes to improve infection resolution is an expanding area of research. Individuals with diabetes are also at an increased risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), highlighting the need for re-invigorated and urgent focus on this field. The aim of this review is to explore the breadth of previous literature investigating neutrophil function in both T1D and T2D, in order to understand the complex neutrophil phenotype present in this disease and also to focus on the development of new therapies to improve aberrant neutrophil function in diabetes. Existing literature illustrates a dual neutrophil dysfunction in diabetes. Key pathogen handling mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are decreased in diabetes, weakening the immune response to infection. However, pro-inflammatory neutrophil pathways, mainly neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, extracellular ROS generation and pro-inflammatory cytokine generation, are significantly upregulated, causing damage to the host and perpetuating inflammation. Reducing these proinflammatory outputs therapeutically is emerging as a credible strategy to improve infection resolution in diabetes, and also more recently COVID-19. Future research needs to drive forward the exploration of novel treatments to improve infection resolution in T1D and T2D to improve patient morbidity and mortality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.