ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2021
Nano and Microparticles as Potential Oral Vaccine Carriers and Adjuvants Against Infectious Diseases.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanomaterial-based vaccines: An advanced approach against rotavirus: A review article.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Preclinical Evaluation of a Microneedle-Delivered Adjuvanted Microparticulate Gonorrhea Vaccine in Non-Human Primates.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Nanotechnology-Based Immunostimulants in Aquaculture: Mechanisms, Advances and Practical Applications.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Review
- [Molecular mechanisms of chronic gastric mucosal inflammation induced byZhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences · 2026Review
- Advancing Global Hepatitis B Elimination: The Case for Using Maize as a Low-Cost, Heat-Stable, and Scalable Oral Vaccine.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Protein nanoparticles assemble in plants, display antigenic viral peptides, and produce an epitope-specific immune response.The FEBS journal · 2026Article
- Edible Vaccines: A Paradigm Shift in Vaccine Delivery and Global Health Solutions.Current drug discovery technologies · 2026Review
- Modified alginates for precision drug delivery: Advances in controlled-release and targeting systems.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2025Review
- A basedMaterials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Immune Modulation with Oral DNA/RNA Nanoparticles.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Drug delivery systems incorporating bile salts: advancements since the conception of bilosomes.Therapeutic delivery · 2025Review
- Revolutionizing Nanovaccines: A New Era of Immunization.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology.Beilstein journal of nanotechnology · 2025Review
- Bio-encapsulation of allergen-derivatives for specific immunotherapy.Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Navigating Fish Immunity: Focus on Mucosal Immunity and the Evolving Landscape of Mucosal Vaccines.Biology · 2024Review
- A Polysaccharide-Based Oral-Vaccine Delivery System and Adjuvant for the Influenza Virus Vaccine.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Immunogenicity of Brucella Trivalent Immunogen-Containing Polyethyleneimine Nanostructure Targeted with LPS in a Mouse Model.Current microbiology · 2024Article
- A multi-epitope protein vaccine encapsulated in alginate nanoparticles as a candidate vaccine against Shigella sonnei.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Transforming Aquaculture through Vaccination: A Review on Recent Developments and Milestones.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the first site of infection for most infectious diseases and oral vaccination can provide protection as the first line of defense. Unlike systemic administration, oral immunization can stimulate cellular and humoral immune responses at both systemic and mucosal levels to induce broad-spectrum and long-lasting immunity. Therefore, to design a successful vaccine, it is essential to stimulate the mucosal as well as systemic immune responses. Successful oral vaccines need to overcome the harsh gastrointestinal environment such as the extremely low pH, proteolytic enzymes, bile salts as well as low permeability and the low immunogenicity of vaccines. In recent years, several delivery systems and adjuvants have been developed for improving oral vaccine delivery and immunogenicity. Formulation of vaccines with nanoparticles and microparticles have been shown to improve antigen stability, availability and adjuvanticity as well as immunostimulatory capacity, target delivery and specific release. This review discusses how nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles (MPs) as oral carriers with adjuvant characteristics can be beneficial in oral vaccine development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.