SynthesisFrontiers in neuroscience2021
Systematic Review of Studies on Subliminal Exposure to Phobic Stimuli: Integrating Therapeutic Models for Specific Phobias.
Synthesis in Frontiers in neuroscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Preferential consolidation of emotional reactivity during sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- The Impact of Stimulus Presentation on Skin Conductance and Potential Implications for Neurofeedback Studies.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2026Article
- Subjective and psychophysiological response to pictures of ancestral and modern threats: Not all evolutionary threats are alike.PloS one · 2026Article
- Advancing the treatment of anxiety disorders in transition-age youth: a review of the therapeutic effects of unconscious exposure.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Review
- Vivid imagery of objects primes perception of subliminal spatial information.Neuroscience of consciousness · 2025Article
- Awareness of everyday effects of climate change: The climate change perceptual awareness scale (CCPAS).Heliyon · 2024Article
- Neural Correlates of the Attentional Bias Towards Subliminal Pornographic Cues in Individuals with Tendencies Toward Problematic Pornography Use: An ERP Study Using a Dot-Probe Task.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Article
- The effects of implicit emotion on the use of theory of mind among college students in China.Cognitive processing · 2024Article
- Do Individual Differences in Perception Affect Awareness of Climate Change?Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Unconscious multisensory integration: behavioral and neural evidence from subliminal stimuli.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- The fear of spiders: perceptual features assessed in augmented reality.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2024Article
- Neuronal Activity during Exposure to Specific Phobia through fMRI: Comparing Therapeutic Components of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Perceptually Visible but Emotionally Subliminal Stimuli to Improve Exposure Therapies.Brain sciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We systematically review 26 papers investigating subjective, behavioral, and psychophysiological correlates of subliminal exposure to phobic stimuli in phobic patients. Stimulations were found to elicit: (1) cardiac defense responses, (2) specific brain activations of both subcortical (e.g., amygdala) and cortical structures, (3) skin conductance reactions, only when stimuli lasted >20 ms and were administered with intertrial interval >20 s. While not inducing the distress caused by current (supraliminal) exposure therapies, exposure to subliminal phobic stimuli still results in successful extinction of both psychophysiological and behavioral correlates: however, it hardly improves subjective fear. We integrate those results with recent bifactorial models of emotional regulation, proposing a new form of exposure therapy whose effectiveness and acceptability should be maximized by a preliminary subliminal stimulation. Systematic Review Registration: identifier [CRD42021129234].
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.