Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34147106›Full record

ArticleInternational journal for equity in health2021

Temporal trends and variation in out-of-pocket expenditures and patient cost sharing: evidence from a Chinese national survey 2011-2015.

Vicky Mengqi Qin, Yuting Zhang, Kee Seng Chia, Barbara McPake, Yang Zhao, Emily S G Hulse, Helena Legido-Quigley, John Tayu Lee

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Article in International journal for equity in health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Vicky Mengqi QinSaw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. mq.qin@u.nus.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-2597-2845
Yuting ZhangMelbourne Institute, Applied Economic & Social Research, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Kee Seng ChiaSaw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Barbara McPakeNossal Institute for Global Health, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Yang ZhaoNossal Institute for Global Health, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Emily S G HulseCentre for Health Policy, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Helena Legido-QuigleySaw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
John Tayu LeeNossal Institute for Global Health, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesThis study aims to examine: (1) temporal trends in the percentage of cost-sharing and amount of out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) from 2011 to 2015; (2) factors associated with cost-sharing and OOPE; and (3) the relationships between province-level economic development and cost-sharing and OOPE in China.

settingA total of 10,316 adults aged ≥45 years from China followed-up from 2011 to 2015 were included in the analysis. We measured two main outcome variables: (1) patient cost sharing, measured by the percentage of OOPE as total healthcare expenditure, and (2) absolute amount of OOPE.

resultsBased on self-reported data, we did not find substantial differences in the percentage of cost sharing, but a significant increase in the absolute amount of OOPE among the middle-aged and older Chinese between 2011 and 2015. The percentage of cost-sharing was considerably higher for outpatient than inpatient care, and the majority paid more than 80% of the total cost for prescription drugs. Provinces with higher GDP per capita tend to have lower cost-sharing and a higher OOPE than their counterparts, but the relationship for OOPE became insignificant after adjusting for individual factors.

conclusionReducing out-of-pocket expenditure and patient cost sharing is required to improve financial protection from illness, especially for those with those with chronic conditions and reside in less developed regions in China. Ongoing monitoring of financial protection using data from various sources is warranted.

Indexed as

Health ExpendituresPrescription DrugsAdultAgedChinaCost SharingDelivery of Health CareFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrescription DrugsChinaCost- sharingGeographical variationOut-of-pocket paymentSocioeconomic disparityUser fees

Identifiers

PMID34147106
PMCPMC8214288

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.