ArticleBMC ophthalmology2021
In vivo confocal microscopy assessment of meibomian glands microstructure in patients with Graves' orbitopathy.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meibomian gland dysfunction in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Predictive modeling of graves' orbitopathy activity based on meibomian glands analysis using in vivo confocal microscopy.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Article
- Investigation of Conjunctival Goblet Cell and Tear MUC5AC Protein in Patients With Graves' Ophthalmopathy.Translational vision science & technology · 2023Article
- In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in Different Types of Dry Eye and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Meibomian Gland Loss and Dysfunction in Mild versus Moderate-Severe Thyroid Eye Disease.Journal of current ophthalmologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTo evaluate microstructural changes in the meibomian glands (MGs) in patients with active and inactive Graves' orbitopathy (GO), using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), and to investigate the correlations between clinical and confocal findings.
methodsForty patients (80 eyes) with GO (34 eyes with active GO, 46 eyes with inactive GO), and 31 age- and sex-matched control participants (62 eyes) were enrolled consecutively. A researcher recorded the clinical activity score (CAS) for each patient. A complete ophthalmic examination was then performed, including external eye, ocular surface and MGs. IVCM of the MGs was performed to determine the MG acinar density (MAD), MG longest and shortest diameters (MALD and MASD), MG orifice area (MOA), MG acinar irregularity (MAI), meibum secretion reflectivity (MSR), acinar wall inhomogeneity (AWI), acinar periglandular interstices inhomogeneity (API), and severity of MG fibrosis (MF).
resultsAll confocal microscopy assessments of MGs significantly differed among groups (all P = 0.000). Compared to controls, GO groups showed lower MOA (1985.82 ± 1325.30 μm
conclusionsIVCM effectively revealed microstructural changes of MGs in eyes with GO and provided strong in vivo evidence for the roles of obstruction and inflammation in the ocular surface disease process. Furthermore, it revealed discernible patterns of MG abnormalities in eyes with active GO and inactive GO, which are not easily distinguishable by typical clinical examinations.
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