ArticleNature communications2021
The extracellular contractile injection system is enriched in environmental microbes and associates with numerous toxins.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Jumbo circular extrachromosomal elements of methane-oxidizing archaea with variably extensive metabolic and defense gene repertoires.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A phage-derived reconfigurable effector associated with an actinobacterial contractile nanomachine tailors bacterial responses to competition.Journal of bacteriology · 2026Article
- Programmable Bacterial Contractile Injection Systems for Ag Delivery and CD8Immune network · 2026Article
- Stepwise firing mechanism of an extracellular contractile injection system.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Structure of a contractile injection system in Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A comprehensive catalogue of receptor-binding domains in extracellular contractile injection systems.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Harnessing eCISs for precision phytomicrobiome engineering and biocontrol.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Article
- A family of lethal exotoxins defined by cell entry via the Attractin receptor.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Function and firing of theeLife · 2025Article
- The landscape of bacterial contractile injection systems across large-scale metagenomes.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Identification of key steps in the evolution of anaerobic methanotrophy inScience advances · 2025Article
- The multiple roles of the NlpC_P60 peptidase family in mycobacteria - an underexplored target for antimicrobial drug discovery.FEBS letters · 2025Review
- Engineering Cell-Specific Protein Delivery Vehicles for Erythroid Lineage Cells.ACS bio & med chem Au · 2025Article
- Phage therapy for Klebsiella pneumoniae: Understanding bacteria-phage interactions for therapeutic innovations.PLoS pathogens · 2025Review
- Article
- Global biogeography and projection of antimicrobial toxin genes.Microbiome · 2025Article
- A VersaTile Approach to Reprogram the Specificity of the R2-Type Tailocin Towards Different Serotypes ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Thermophilic bacteria employ a contractile injection system in hot spring microbial mats.The ISME journal · 2025Article
- Archaeal type six secretion system mediates contact-dependent antagonism.Science advances · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The extracellular Contractile Injection System (eCIS) is a toxin-delivery particle that evolved from a bacteriophage tail. Four eCISs have previously been shown to mediate interactions between bacteria and their invertebrate hosts. Here, we identify eCIS loci in 1,249 bacterial and archaeal genomes and reveal an enrichment of these loci in environmental microbes and their apparent absence from mammalian pathogens. We show that 13 eCIS-associated toxin genes from diverse microbes can inhibit the growth of bacteria and/or yeast. We identify immunity genes that protect bacteria from self-intoxication, further supporting an antibacterial role for some eCISs. We also identify previously undescribed eCIS core genes, including a conserved eCIS transcriptional regulator. Finally, we present our data through an extensive eCIS repository, termed eCIStem. Our findings support eCIS as a toxin-delivery system that is widespread among environmental prokaryotes and likely mediates antagonistic interactions with eukaryotes and other prokaryotes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.