ArticlePLoS biology2021
The landscape of antibody binding in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article in PLoS biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Direct lipid interactions control SARS-CoV-2 M protein conformational dynamics and virus assembly.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Building better antibody responses: The interplay of infection, vaccination, and immune imprinting.PNAS nexus · 2026Review
- Detecting SARS-CoV-2 cryptic lineages using publicly available whole genome wastewater sequencing data.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Performance of protein N linear epitopes in serodiagnosis of COVID-19 infection.BioImpacts : BI · 2025Article
- Convalescent plasma therapy and long-term SARS-COV-2 antiviral immune response in a prospective cohort of patients with COVID-19.Current research in microbial sciences · 2025Article
- In-depth immunochemical characterization of the serum antibody response using a dual-titration microspot assay.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Ranking antibody binding epitopes and proteins across samples from whole proteome tiled linear peptides.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 ferritin nanoparticle vaccines produce hyperimmune equine sera with broad sarbecovirus activity.iScience · 2024Article
- Limited Biomarker Potential for IgG Autoantibodies Reactive to Linear Epitopes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus or Spondyloarthropathy.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Structure and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 spike refolding in membranes.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- The unique ORF8 protein from SARS-CoV-2 binds to human dendritic cells and induces a hyper-inflammatory cytokine storm.Journal of molecular cell biology · 2024Article
- Tracing the origin of SARS-CoV-2 omicron-like spike sequences detected in an urban sewershed: a targeted, longitudinal surveillance study of a cryptic wastewater lineage.The Lancet. Microbe · 2024Article
- Unsupervised identification of significant lineages of SARS-CoV-2 through scalable machine learning methods.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Novel and unique rheumatoid factors cross-react with viral epitopes in COVID-19.Journal of autoimmunity · 2024Article
- Assessing immune factors in maternal milk and paired infant plasma antibody binding to human rhinoviruses.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Serum antibody fingerprinting of SARS-CoV-2 variants in infected and vaccinated subjects by label-free microarray biosensor.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Immunized mice naturally process in silico-derived peptides from the nucleocapsid of SARS-CoV-2.BMC microbiology · 2023Article
- Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in a Large US population Over a Period of 12 Months.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein peptides displayed in the Pyrococcus furiosus RAD system preserve epitopes antigenicity, immunogenicity, and virus-neutralizing activity of antibodies.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Structural definition of HLA class II-presented SARS-CoV-2 epitopes reveals a mechanism to escape pre-existing CD4Cell reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The search for potential antibody-based diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics for pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has focused almost exclusively on the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. Coronavirus membrane (M), ORF3a, and ORF8 proteins are humoral immunogens in other coronaviruses (CoVs) but remain largely uninvestigated for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we use ultradense peptide microarray mapping to show that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces robust antibody responses to epitopes throughout the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, particularly in M, in which 1 epitope achieved excellent diagnostic accuracy. We map 79 B cell epitopes throughout the SARS-CoV-2 proteome and demonstrate that antibodies that develop in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection bind homologous peptide sequences in the 6 other known human CoVs. We also confirm reactivity against 4 of our top-ranking epitopes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Illness severity correlated with increased reactivity to 9 SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in S, M, N, and ORF3a in our population. Our results demonstrate previously unknown, highly reactive B cell epitopes throughout the full proteome of SARS-CoV-2 and other CoV proteins.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.