ArticleJCI insight2021
Duration of post-COVID-19 symptoms is associated with sustained SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses.
Article in JCI insight, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pathophysiological mechanisms of post-exertional malaise: an integrative analysis based on the metabolism-immune-neuro interaction model.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Long COVID: A Mixed Method Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- Persistent Immune Dysregulation during Long COVID is Manifested in Antibodies Targeting Envelope and Nucleocapsid Proteins.Research square · 2026Article
- Lingering echoes of SARS-CoV-2: mechanistic insights and management of long COVID syndrome.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- From infection to intervention: post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection and cardiovascular risk.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- Persistent Immune Dysregulation during Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 is Manifested in Antibodies Targeting Envelope and Nucleocapsid Proteins.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Identification of soluble biomarkers that associate with distinct manifestations of long COVID.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Persistence of dysfunctional immune response 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection and their relationship with pulmonary sequelae and long COVID.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- Oral manifestations of COVID-19 vaccinated individuals, post-infection, and different variants: a Brazilian population study.Brazilian oral research · 2025Article
- Sleep quality mediates the association between tea consumption and duration of COVID-19-related symptoms in middle-aged and elderly adults (aged 50 and above).Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Amplification of select autonomous HERV loci and surrounding host gene transcription in monocytes from patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Altered amyloid plasma profile in patients with disabling headaches after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.BMJ neurology open · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Evaluating Immunologic and Illness Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Children Aged ≥ 5 Years, in a Multisite Longitudinal Cohort.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- COVID-19 in the Initiation and Progression of Atherosclerosis: Pathophysiology During and Beyond the Acute Phase.JACC. Advances · 2024Review
- The Potential Role of Viral Persistence in the Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC).Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Impact of Prior COVID-19 Immunization and/or Prior Infection on Immune Responses and Clinical Outcomes.Viruses · 2024Review
- Characteristics and determinants of pulmonary long COVID.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Immune Responses in Discharged COVID-19 Patients With and Without Long COVID Symptoms.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Spontaneous, persistent, T cell-dependent IFN-γ release in patients who progress to Long Covid.Science advances · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A subset of COVID-19 patients exhibit post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), but little is known about the immune signatures associated with these syndromes. We investigated longitudinal peripheral blood samples in 50 individuals with previously confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, including 20 who experienced prolonged duration of COVID-19 symptoms (lasting more than 30 days; median = 74 days) compared with 30 who had symptom resolution within 20 days. Individuals with prolonged symptom duration maintained antigen-specific T cell response magnitudes to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in CD4+ and circulating T follicular helper cell populations during late convalescence, while those without persistent symptoms demonstrated an expected decline. The prolonged group also displayed increased IgG avidity to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Significant correlations between symptom duration and both SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells and antibodies were observed. Activation and exhaustion markers were evaluated in multiple immune cell types, revealing few phenotypic differences between prolonged and recovered groups, suggesting that prolonged symptom duration is not due to persistent systemic inflammation. These findings demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses are maintained in patients suffering from prolonged post-COVID-19 symptom duration in contrast to those with resolved symptoms and may suggest the persistence of viral antigens as an underlying etiology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.