ReviewHormones (Athens, Greece)2021
The role of estradiol in the immune response against COVID-19.
Review in Hormones (Athens, Greece), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Endogenous Sex Hormones Explain Variation in Long-Term SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Persistence Beyond Biological Sex.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Effects of heavy metal exposure on oral microbial communities in women with different menopausal status.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Assessing the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to SARS-CoV-2 during three years of the COVID-19 pandemic.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Article
- Estrogen and viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Bioinformatics and system biology approach to discover the common pathogenetic processes between COVID-19 and chronic hepatitis B.PloS one · 2025Article
- Repercussion of SARS-CoV-2 on the Sexual Function in Males: An Updated Review.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- Sex differences in airway disease: estrogen and airway surface liquid dynamics.Biology of sex differences · 2024Review
- Review
- Systems-wide view of host-pathogen interactions across COVID-19 severities using integrated omics analysis.iScience · 2024Article
- Insights into estrogen impact in oral health & microbiome in COVID-19.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Adopting Integrated Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Approaches to Pinpoint the COVID-19 Patients' Risk Factors That Uplift the Onset of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.Bioinformatics and biology insights · 2024Article
- Sensitive detection of 17β-estradiol at a picomolar level using an aptamer-assisted liquid crystal-based optical sensor.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2023Article
- COVID-19 in patients with rheumatological diseases in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.Journal of medicine and life · 2023Observational
- Predictors of ICU Admission in Children with COVID-19: Analysis of a Large Mexican Population Dataset.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- The influence of COVID-19 on colorectal cancer was investigated using bioinformatics and systems biology techniques.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Shared miRNA landscapes of COVID-19 and neurodegeneration confirm neuroinflammation as an important overlapping feature.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2023Article
- Factors affecting climacteric women with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multinational Latin America study (REDLINC XI).Maturitas · 2022Observational
- Estradiol reduces ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA levels in A549 human lung epithelial cells.Drug development research · 2022Article
- Hormone Therapy in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review.Journal of menopausal medicine · 2022Review
- Mast Cell Activation Syndrome in COVID-19 and Female Reproductive Function: Theoretical Background vs. Accumulating Clinical Evidence.Journal of immunology research · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen agent causing coronavirus disease (COVID)-19, which was declared a global pandemic in 2020. The spike protein of this virus and the angiotensin-converter enzyme (ACE)-2 in host cells in humans play a vital role in infection and in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Estradiol is known to modulate the actions of immune cells, and, therefore, the antiviral mechanisms of these cells could also be modified by this hormone stimulus. Even though estradiol is not considered a protective factor, evidence shows that women with high levels of this hormone have a lower risk of developing severe symptoms and an even a lower incidence of death. Understanding the mechanism of action of estradiol with regard to viral infections and COVID-19 is essential for the improvement of therapeutic strategies. This review aims to describe the effects that estradiol exerts on immune cells during viral infections and COVID-19.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.