ArticlePeerJ2021
Neuromedin U and neurotensin may promote the development of the tumour microenvironment in neuroblastoma.
Article in PeerJ, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanisms of neuropeptide-mediated immune sensing in the modulation of antitumor immunity.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Review
- Targeting Pathways in Neuroblastoma: Advances in Treatment Strategies and Clinical Outcomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Peptidergic Systems and Neuroblastoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Neuromedin U regulates the anti-tumor activity of CD8Cancer science · 2024Article
- Neuromedin U secreted by colorectal cancer cells promotes a tumour-supporting microenvironment.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Stage 4S neuroblastoma, as defined by the International Neuroblastoma Staging System committee (INSS), is known to regress spontaneously and have a more favourable outcome compared with stage 4 tumours. Comparing the molecular differences between these two stages may provide insights into the progression of neuroblastoma. Our study aimed to explore the molecular differences in the tumour microenvironment (TME) between INSS stage 4S and stage 4 tumours to provide an insight into the mechanisms underlying the biological processes of neuroblastoma. We downloaded the datasets GSE120572 and GSE73517 from the GEO database and pre-processed them using the limma package. CIBERSORT deconvolution agorithm was applied to analyse the differences in 22 infiltrating immune leukocyte subsets between the two stages. We used gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis to determine the biological process (BP) annotation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the online WebGestalt tool. Hub genes were determined in the STRING database and Cytoscape, and the expression of these genes was verified in the Oncomine database. Then these critical genes were performed survival analysis in TARGET database. We further validated the hub genes using a transwell assay and wound healing assay to detect the function of the genes in the neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-BE(2). GO analysis revealed that the 216 DEGs between stage 4S and stage 4 were enriched in aggressive biological processes. Neuromedin U (NMU) and neurotensin (NTS), which were significantly associated with patients' overall survival rate, were verified to be elevated in stage 4, and to promote the proliferation and invasion of the SK-N-BE(2) cell. Tumour infiltrating leukocyte analysis showed a high infiltration of regulatory T cells and type 2 tumour-associated macrophages in stage 4 but not in stage 4S. Results of gene co-expression correlation, and the results of previous studies, suggest that NMU and NTS may play certain roles in modulating TME, thus facilitating the progression of neuroblastoma.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.