ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Premature Senescence and Increased Oxidative Stress in the Thymus of Down Syndrome Patients.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Elucidating the protective role of quercetin against lipopolysaccharide-induced necroptosis in broiler thymus: insights from Nrf2/PERK signaling based on network pharmacology and experimental validation.Redox report : communications in free radical research · 2026Article
- T cell senescence and exhaustion: molecular mechanisms and immune rejuvenation for cancer immunotherapy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Transcriptomic and proteomic evidence for noncanonical hydrogen sulfide metabolism and immune dysregulation in Down Syndrome.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Association of gait, balance, and fall risk with dementia in Down syndrome: a systematic review of the literature.Dementia & neuropsychologia · 2026Review
- Redox-Immune Axis and Ozone Pollution: From Oxidative Stress to Thymic Involution and Neurodegeneration.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Advanced three-dimensional X-ray imaging unravels structural development of the human thymus compartments.Communications medicine · 2024Article
- Down Syndrome in Children: A Primary Immunodeficiency with Immune Dysregulation.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Proteostasis of Thymic Stromal Cells in Health and Diseases.The protein journal · 2024Review
- The Role of Oxidative Stress in Trisomy 21 Phenotype.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2023Review
- Cellular senescence and neurodegeneration.Human genetics · 2023Review
- Human thymus in health and disease: Recent advances in diagnosis and biology.Seminars in immunology · 2023Review
- Consequences of chromosome gain: A new view on trisomy syndromes.American journal of human genetics · 2022Review
- Age-related thymic involution: Mechanisms and functional impact.Aging cell · 2022Review
- Biochemical Discrimination of the Down Syndrome-Related Metabolic and Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Alterations from the Physiologic Age-Related Changes through the Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Serum.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Editorial: Editor's Pick 2021: Highlights in Cell Death and Survival.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Article
- AKT Hyperphosphorylation and T Cell Exhaustion in Down Syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Observational
- Large-scale organoid study suggests effects of trisomy 21 on early fetal neurodevelopment are more subtle than variability between isogenic lines and experiments.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 10 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) patients prematurely show clinical manifestations usually associated with aging. Their immune system declines earlier than healthy individuals, leading to increased susceptibility to infections and higher incidence of autoimmune phenomena. Clinical features of accelerated aging indicate that trisomy 21 increases the biological age of tissues. Based on previous studies suggesting immune senescence in DS, we hypothesized that induction of cellular senescence may contribute to early thymic involution and immune dysregulation. Immunohistochemical analysis of thymic tissue showed signs of accelerated thymic aging in DS patients, normally seen in older healthy subjects. Moreover, our whole transcriptomic analysis on human Epcam-enriched thymic epithelial cells (hTEC), isolated from three DS children, which revealed disease-specific transcriptomic alterations. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of DS TEC revealed an enrichment in genes involved in cellular response to stress, epigenetic histone DNA modifications and senescence. Analysis of senescent markers and oxidative stress in hTEC and thymocytes confirmed these findings. We detected senescence features in DS TEC, thymocytes and peripheral T cells, such as increased β-galactosidase activity, increased levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p16, telomere length and integrity markers and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), all factors contributing to cellular damage. In conclusion, our findings support the key role of cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of immune defect in DS while adding new players, such as epigenetic regulation and increased oxidative stress, to the pathogenesis of immune dysregulation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.