ArticleScientific reports2021
Concomitant attenuation of HMGCR expression and activity enhances the growth inhibitory effect of atorvastatin on TGF-β-treated epithelial cancer cells.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cholesterol-Lowering Treatment Blocks Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) Associated Invasiveness and Drug Resistance in Breast and Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Models.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Emerging roles of the metabolic regulator 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-CoA reductase in human cancers: From biology to therapeutics.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Does Ras/Rho Have Skin in the Game: The Importance of the Isoprenoid Biosynthesis Pathway in Merkel Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines.Cancers · 2026Article
- Cholesterol metabolism and cancer: Molecular mechanisms, immune regulation and an epidemiological perspective (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Cholesterol modulates type I/II TGF-β receptor complexes and alters the balance between Smad and Akt signaling in hepatocytes.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Ferroptosis in Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms, Small Molecule Inducers, and Novel Approaches.Drug design, development and therapy · 2024Review
- SOAT1 Promotes Gastric Cancer Lymph Node Metastasis Through Lipid Synthesis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in primary tumor cells is a key prerequisite for metastasis initiation. Statins, cholesterol-lowering drugs, can delay metastasis formation in vivo and attenuate the growth and proliferation of tumor cells in vitro. The latter effect is stronger in tumor cells with a mesenchymal-like phenotype than in those with an epithelial one. However, the effect of statins on epithelial cancer cells treated with EMT-inducing growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) remains unclear. Here, we examined the effect of atorvastatin on two epithelial cancer cell lines following TGF-β treatment. Atorvastatin-induced growth inhibition was stronger in TGF-β-treated cells than in cells not thusly treated. Moreover, treatment of cells with atorvastatin prior to TGF-β treatment enhanced this effect, which was further potentiated by the simultaneous reduction in the expression of the statin target enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR). Dual pharmacological targeting of HMGCR can thus strongly inhibit the growth and proliferation of epithelial cancer cells treated with TGF-β and may also improve statin therapy-mediated attenuation of metastasis formation in vivo.
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