ArticleNature communications2021
Unravelling cytosolic delivery of cell penetrating peptides with a quantitative endosomal escape assay.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 157 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Membrane-Traversing Peptides: Mechanistic Landscapes, Assays, and Applications.Chemical reviews · 2026Review
- Protein Modifications for Cellular Protein Delivery.Chemical reviews · 2026Review
- Intraluminal Gold Nanoparticle-Loaded Liposomes Enable High-Resolution Nanoscale Mapping of Intracellular Delivery Pathways.ACS applied nano materials · 2026Article
- Mechanical movements generated by movable lipids break endosomal barriers for enhanced mRNA therapeutics.Science advances · 2026Article
- The Fabrication of Protein Carriers for Intracellular Delivery of Antibiotics Against Intracellular Bacterial Infection.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- HPV Capsid-Derived Cationic Peptides for Cargo Delivery and Antiviral Activity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Enzyme-responsive peptide dendron nanoassemblies for targeting and eliminating intracellular drug-resistant bacteria.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Peptide Coacervates Promote Cytosolic Delivery of STING Agonists for Cancer Immunotherapy.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- Reversible surface modifications of functional proteins for accelerated cytosolic delivery via cell-penetrating peptide clusters.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Intracellular Fate of a Dual-Fluorescent Hydrophobic Ion Pair: Comparison of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Engineered internal architecture of core-shell lipid nanoparticles promotes efficient mRNA endosomal release.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Review
- Receptor-Mediated Shuttling of a D-Amino Acid Peptide Achieves High Nanomolar Cytosolic Concentrations.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2026Article
- From Uptake to Therapeutic Function in Engineered Exosome Delivery Systems.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- An AIEgen-Based Carrier Enables Efficient Cytosolic Delivery of Bioactive Proteins.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Article
- Possible Applications of Azurin, a Copper-Containing Protein, in Cancer Treatment: Prospects and Challenges.Current drug targets · 2026Review
- Mannose and phenylboronate ester functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles contained in chitosan microneedles for enhancing cellular immunity and antitumor efficacy.Theranostics · 2026Article
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cytosolic transport is an essential requirement but a major obstacle to efficient delivery of therapeutic peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. Current understanding of cytosolic delivery mechanisms remains limited due to a significant number of conflicting reports, which are compounded by low sensitivity and indirect assays. To resolve this, we develop a highly sensitive Split Luciferase Endosomal Escape Quantification (SLEEQ) assay to probe mechanisms of cytosolic delivery. We apply SLEEQ to evaluate the cytosolic delivery of a range of widely studied cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) fused to a model protein. We demonstrate that positively charged CPPs enhance cytosolic delivery as a result of increased non-specific cell membrane association, rather than increased endosomal escape efficiency. These findings transform our current understanding of how CPPs increase cytosolic delivery. SLEEQ is a powerful tool that addresses fundamental questions in intracellular drug delivery and will significantly improve the way materials are engineered to increase therapeutic delivery to the cytosol.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.