ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
The Immunology of Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 177 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with clinical outcomes in patients with triple-negative breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Pooled it
- Investigating impact of a comprehensive support program on death anxiety among women with breast cancer: a clinical trial.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Trial
- Ipilimumab and nivolumab combined with anthracycline-based chemotherapy in metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: a randomized phase 2b trial.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Trial
- NF1 loss in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer induces osteoclast formation and immunosuppression to promote bone metastasis.Cancer letters · 2026Article
- Focused ultrasound thermal ablation and CD40 agonism reprograms breast tumor immunity to drive regression and memory.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Systemic and local chronic inflammation and hormone disposition promote a tumor-permissive environment for breast cancer in older women.Nature aging · 2026Article
- Use of ctDNA in Older Women with ER+ Breast Cancer to Facilitate Surgical De-escalation: A Prospective, Hybrid-Decentralized Trial with Correlative Studies.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Article
- The contribution of rare germline variants to the immune landscape of breast cancer.Genome medicine · 2026Article
- Immunotherapy and Breast Reconstruction: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions.Cancer medicine · 2026Review
- TROP2/claudin program mediates immune exclusion to impede checkpoint blockade in breast cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Tailoring targeted therapies for younger women with ER-positive early-stage breast cancer.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Organoids: technology refining, current applications and future directions.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Focused Ultrasound Thermal Ablation and CD40 Agonism Reprograms Breast Tumor Immunity to Drive Regression and Memory.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Tumor-Infiltrating lymphocyte dynamics as biomarkers of neoadjuvant treatment response in luminal breast cancer.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- FBR-NDs: a ferroptosis-inducing nanocomplex for targeted breast cancer therapy via immune modulation and redox-responsive drug delivery.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- Article
- Gut microbiota diversity is prognostic in metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and immunotherapy.Molecular oncology · 2026Article
- Multiomic profiling of ER-positive HER2-negative breast cancer reveals markers associated with metastatic spread.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Observational
- Characteristics and therapeutic resistance mechanisms of the prostate cancer immune microenvironment: a comprehensive analysis from bench to clinic.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial biology and immune crosstalk in breast cancer: therapeutic opportunities and challenges.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized the treatment of cancer patients. The main focus of ICB has been on reinvigorating the adaptive immune response, namely, activating cytotoxic T cells. ICB has demonstrated only modest benefit against advanced breast cancer, as breast tumors typically establish an immune suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with infiltration of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and patients with TNBC have shown clinical responses to ICB. In contrast, hormone receptor positive (HR+) breast cancer is characterized by low TIL infiltration and minimal response to ICB. Here we review how HR+ breast tumors establish a TME devoid of TILs, have low HLA class I expression, and recruit immune cells, other than T cells, which impact response to therapy. In addition, we review emerging technologies that have been employed to characterize components of the TME to reveal that tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundant in HR+ cancer, are highly immune-suppressive, associated with tumor progression, chemotherapy and ICB-resistance, metastasis and poor survival. We reveal novel therapeutic targets and possible combinations with ICB to enhance anti-tumor immune responses, which may have great potential in HR+ breast cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.