ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2021
A Comprehensive Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology, Clinical Applications, Adverse Events, and Quality Control of Indigo Naturalis.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Indigo naturalis for inflammatory bowel disease: evidence from animal studies and molecular mechanisms.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Pharmacokinetics and Acute Safety Evaluation of Tryptanthrin, A Bioactive Constituent of Indigo naturalis, Following Intravenous Administration in Mice.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Article
- Emerging role of plant-based compounds as ferroptosis modulators in breast cancer.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Evaluation of Indigo Naturalis Prepared Using a Novel Method: Anti-Inflammatory Activities Against Colonic Cancer Cell Lines.Mediators of inflammation · 2026Article
- Exploring of therapeutic potential of indirubin-loaded nanofibrous scaffolds for localized melanoma treatment.Journal of biological engineering · 2025Article
- Macrophage-Mediated Transport of Insoluble Indirubin Induces Hepatic Injury During Intestinal Inflammation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Greening the Production of Indigo Blue Exploiting Light and a Recombinant Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 Strain Expressing the Enzyme mFMO.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Article
- Indigo naturalis‑associated ischemic injury of colorectal mucosa: A case series study.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2025Article
- Transcriptomic and proteomic-based analysis of the mechanisms by which drought and salt stresses affect the quality of Isatidis Folium.BMC plant biology · 2025Article
- Exploration of biophoton characteristics of freshFrontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Review
- Clinical, pharmacology and in vivo studies of QingDai (indigo naturalis) promotes mucosal healing and symptom improvement in ulcerative colitis by regulating the AHR-Th17/Treg pathway.Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2024Article
- Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of a Traditional Herb, Strobilanthes Cusia (Nees) Kuntze.Molecular biotechnology · 2024Article
- Review
- "Purplish Blue" or "Greenish Grey"? Indigo Qualities and Extraction Yields from Six Species.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Indigofera suffruticosa aerial parts extract induce G2/M arrest and ATR/CHK1 pathway in Jurkat cells.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2024Article
- Review
- Vincamine, from an antioxidant and a cerebral vasodilator to its anticancer potential.Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry · 2023Review
- Extract ofAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Customizing delivery nano-vehicles for precise brain tumor therapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Indigo naturalis (IN), which is derived from indigo plants such as Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) Kuntze, Persicaria tinctoria (Aiton) Spach, and Isatis tinctoria L., has been traditionally used in the treatment of hemoptysis, epistaxis, chest pain, aphtha, and infantile convulsion in China for thousands of years. Clinical trials have shown that the curative effect of IN for psoriasis and ulcerative colitis (UC) is remarkable. A total of sixty-three compounds, including indole alkaloids, terpenoids, organic acids, steroids, and nucleosides, have been isolated from IN, of which indole alkaloids are the most important. Indirubin, isolated from IN, was used as a new agent to treat leukemia in China in the 1970s. Indirubin is also an active ingredient in the treatment of psoriasis. Pharmacological studies have confirmed that IN has inhibitory effects on inflammation, tumors, bacteria, and psoriasis. Indigo, indirubin, tryptanthrin, isorhamnetin, indigodole A, and indigodole C are responsible for these activities. This review provides up-to-date and comprehensive information on IN with regard to its chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, clinical applications, adverse events, and quality control. This review may also serve a reference for further research on IN.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.