ArticleBMC cancer2021
Risk of lung cancer among women in relation to lifetime history of tobacco smoking: a population-based case-control study in France (the WELCA study).
Article in BMC cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Female-specific risk factors for lung cancer: insights from the All of Us Research Program.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of short-term outcomes, inflammatory markers, and complications in robotic-assistedJournal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Lung Cancer Risk Factors Beyond Smoking in Ethiopia: A Multicenter Matched Case-Control Study.Cancers · 2026Article
- Association of cigarette smoking intensity and pack-years with metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study.Bioinformation · 2026Article
- Beyond tobacco: understanding the growing burden of lung adenocarcinoma in women.Oncology reviews · 2026Review
- Global nexus of smoking prevalence, healthcare quality and respiratory cancer mortality: a cross-continental study.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Characteristics and patient-reported outcomes of long-term lung cancer survivors.Journal of thoracic disease · 2024Article
- The Potential Role of MUC16 (CA125) Biomarker in Lung Cancer: A Magic Biomarker but with Adversity.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Health effects associated with smoking: a Burden of Proof study.Nature medicine · 2022Article
- Transcription Factor MAFB as a Prognostic Biomarker for the Lung Adenocarcinoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Excess Body Weight and Long-Term Incidence of Lung and Colon Cancer in Men; Follow-Up Study of 43 Years.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study aims to provide new insights on the role of smoking patterns and cigarette dependence in female lung cancer, and to examine differences by histological subtype.
methodsWe conducted a population-based case-control study in the great Paris area among women including 716 incident cases diagnosed between 2014 and 2017 and 757 age-matched controls. Detailed data on smoking history was collected during in-person interviews to assess intensity and duration of tobacco smoking, time since cessation, smoking habits (depth of smoke inhalation, use of filter, type of tobacco, and type of cigarettes) and Fagerström test for cigarette dependence. The comprehensive smoking index (CSI), a score modelling the combined effects of intensity, duration and time since quitting smoking was determined for each subject. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and their confidence intervals (95%CI) of lung cancer associated with smoking variables.
resultsLung cancer risk increased linearly with intensity and duration of tobacco smoking while it decreased with time since cessation, to reach the risk in never-smokers after 20 years of abstinence. The combined effect of intensity and duration of tobacco smoking was more than multiplicative (p-interaction 0.012). The OR in the highest vs the lowest quartile of CSI was 12.64 (95%CI 8.50; 18.80) (p-trend < 0.001). The risk of small cell or squamous cell carcinomas increased with the CSI more sharply than the risk of adenocarcinomas. Deep smoke inhalation, dark vs blond tobacco, conventional vs light cigarettes, and unfiltered vs filtered cigarettes, as well as having mixed smoking habits, were found to be independent risk factors. Having high cigarette addiction behaviours also increased the risk after adjusting for CSI.
conclusionThis study provides additional insights on the effects of tobacco smoking patterns on lung cancer risk among women.
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