ArticleEMBO molecular medicine2021
Long-lived macrophage reprogramming drives spike protein-mediated inflammasome activation in COVID-19.
Article in EMBO molecular medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 153 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic Risk Factors for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease (Systematic Review).Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine · 2024Pooled it
- New-onset dermatomyositis following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination: a case-based review.Rheumatology international · 2022Pooled it
- Monocytes in pneumonia: Functional plasticity and innate memory (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- The Open Reading Frame 7b of the SARS-CoV-2 Disperse Trans-Golgi and Activate the NLRP3 Inflammasome.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Defective RNA Polymerase III sensing of mitochondrial DNA in pulmonary epithelial cells impairs type I IFN immunity to SARS-CoV-2.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Interleukins in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Immunopathogenesis, Therapeutic Perspectives and Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Trained Immunity and Cardiovascular Risk: An Immunological Perspective.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 variants: biology, pathogenicity, immunity and control.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Comprehensive mapping of the signaling events evoked by SARS-CoV-2 variants delta and omicron in human astrocytes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection induces pro-fibrotic and pro-thrombotic foam cell formation.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Pyroptosis in Respiratory Virus Infections: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Potential Therapeutic Interventions.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Human Alveolar Macrophages Detect SARS-CoV-2 Envelope Protein Through TLR2 and TLR4 and Secrete Cytokines in Response.Immunology · 2025Article
- Basic implications on three pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2.Biomedical journal · 2025Review
- Inhibition of kinin B1 receptor alleviates SARS-CoV-2-induced long-lasting cardiovascular complications.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Perspective: host factors variants and the underlying causes of long COVID.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- NLRP3 inflammasome activation in astrocytes restricts SARS-CoV-2 through gasdermin-D-driven IL-1β release.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Cytokine Storms and Anaphylaxis Following COVID-19 mRNA-LNP Vaccination: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
33 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Innate immunity triggers responsible for viral control or hyperinflammation in COVID-19 are largely unknown. Here we show that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-protein) primes inflammasome formation and release of mature interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in macrophages derived from COVID-19 patients but not in macrophages from healthy SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals. Furthermore, longitudinal analyses reveal robust S-protein-driven inflammasome activation in macrophages isolated from convalescent COVID-19 patients, which correlates with distinct epigenetic and gene expression signatures suggesting innate immune memory after recovery from COVID-19. Importantly, we show that S-protein-driven IL-1β secretion from patient-derived macrophages requires non-specific monocyte pre-activation in vivo to trigger NLRP3-inflammasome signaling. Our findings reveal that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes profound and long-lived reprogramming of macrophages resulting in augmented immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein, a major vaccine antigen and potent driver of adaptive and innate immune signaling.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.