Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34132361›Full record

ReviewInternational journal of molecular medicine2021

Recent advances on the mechanisms of kidney stone formation (Review).

Zhu Wang, Ying Zhang, Jianwen Zhang, Qiong Deng, Hui Liang

Open access · hybridAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in International journal of molecular medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 132 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
132citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
25.4field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

132 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 264 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  5. Pooled it
  6. Metabolic changes in kidney stone disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2023
    Pooled it
  7. Trial
  8. Trial
  9. Review
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  11. [Characteristics of urinary organic acid metabolic profile and screening of key metabolic markers in patients with urolithiasis].Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences · 2026
    Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Cementum Attachment Protein-Derived Peptides Modulate Brushite and Calcium Oxalate Crystallization In Vitro.Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society · 2026
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
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72 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Zhu WangDepartment of Urology, People's Hospital of Longhua, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, P.R. China.
Ying ZhangDepartment of Urology, People's Hospital of Longhua, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, P.R. China.
Jianwen ZhangDepartment of Urology, People's Hospital of Longhua, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, P.R. China.
Qiong DengDepartment of Urology, People's Hospital of Longhua, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, P.R. China.
Hui LiangDepartment of Urology, People's Hospital of Longhua, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, P.R. China.
Southern Medical University · CN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Kidney stone disease is one of the oldest diseases known to medicine; however, the mechanisms of stone formation and development remain largely unclear. Over the past decades, a variety of theories and strategies have been developed and utilized in the surgical management of kidney stones, as a result of recent technological advances. Observations from the authors and other research groups suggest that there are five entirely different main mechanisms for kidney stone formation. Urinary supersaturation and crystallization are the driving force for intrarenal crystal precipitation. Randall's plaques are recognized as the origin of calcium oxalate stone formation. Sex hormones may be key players in the development of nephrolithiasis and may thus be potential targets for new drugs to suppress kidney stone formation. The microbiome, including urease‑producing bacteria, nanobacteria and intestinal microbiota, is likely to have a profound effect on urological health, both positive and negative, owing to its metabolic output and other contributions. Lastly, the immune response, and particularly macrophage differentiation, play crucial roles in renal calcium oxalate crystal formation. In the present study, the current knowledge for each of these five aspects of kidney stone formation is reviewed. This knowledge may be used to explore novel research opportunities and improve the understanding of the initiation and development of kidney stones for urologists, nephrologists and primary care.

Indexed as

Gastrointestinal MicrobiomeApatitesCalcinosisCalcium OxalateCalcium PhosphatesHumansKidneyKidney CalculiStruviteUric AcidUrolithiasisApatitesCalcium Oxalatecalcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrateCalcium PhosphatescarboapatiteStruviteUric Acidkidney stonemechanismmicrobiomenanobacteriaurolithiasis

Identifiers

PMID34132361
PMCPMC8208620
OpenAlexW3166143872

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.