ReviewNature reviews. Urology2021
100 years of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy: from cattle to COVID-19.
Review in Nature reviews. Urology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 143 citations in OpenAlex.
- Elevated platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts poor clinical outcomes in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Research Advances for Virus-vectored Tuberculosis Vaccines and Latest Findings on Tuberculosis Vaccine Development.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Early mucosal responses following a randomised controlled human inhaled infection with attenuated Mycobacterium bovis BCG.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Route of BCG administration determines success.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- An Rv1471-expressing chimpanzee adenovirus vaccine confers protection against tuberculosis by inducing alveolar macrophage trained immunity and polyfunctional T-cell responses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Urine cell-free RNA for bladder cancer detection and treatment response prediction.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- The Future of Vaccines.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Beyond the BCG Paradox: Biological Rationale and Clinical Evidence for Combining Intravesical BCG with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in High-Risk Non-muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.Oncology and therapy · 2026Review
- Intravesical mycobacteria reshape bladder and gut microbiota in a murine bladder cancer model.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- The changing landscape of urothelial carcinoma: on the edge of a paradigm shift.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of microbiome-immune interactions in bladder cancer and targeted regulatory strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Microbial Product Cocktails for Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Unleashing the power of the BCG vaccine in modulating viral immunity through heterologous protection: A scoping review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Exploiting Salmonella typhimurium as a novel cancer therapeutic agent: from tumor colonization to metabolic engineering.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2025Review
- Current Status and Challenges of Vaccine Development for Seasonal Human Coronaviruses.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Review
- Combination strategies of gut microbiota in cancer therapy through metabolic reprogramming and immune remodeling.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Clinical development of therapeutic mRNA applications.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Repurposing Amiodarone for Bladder Cancer Treatment.Cancer research communications · 2025Article
- Designing live bacterial therapeutics for cancer.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2025Review
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 9 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the most widely used vaccine worldwide and has been used to prevent tuberculosis for a century. BCG also stimulates an anti-tumour immune response, which urologists have harnessed for the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. A growing body of evidence indicates that BCG offers protection against various non-mycobacterial and viral infections. The non-specific effects of BCG occur via the induction of trained immunity and form the basis for the hypothesis that BCG vaccination could be used to protect against the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This Perspective article highlights key milestones in the 100-year history of BCG and projects its potential role in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.