ArticleScientific reports2021
Online hate network spreads malicious COVID-19 content outside the control of individual social media platforms.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unveiling the Impact: A Scoping Review of the COVID-19 Pandemic's Effects on Racialized Populations in Canada.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Will You Become the Next Troll? A Computational Mechanics Approach to the Contagion of Trolling Behavior.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- X under Musk's leadership: Substantial hate and no reduction in inauthentic activity.PloS one · 2025Article
- Online communities come with real-world consequences for individuals and societies.Communications psychology · 2024Review
- How U.S. Presidential elections strengthen global hate networks.Npj complexity · 2024Article
- The hatred of all against all? Evidence from online community platforms in South Korea.PloS one · 2024Article
- Controlling bad-actor-artificial intelligence activity at scale across online battlefields.PNAS nexus · 2024Article
- Hatemongers ride on echo chambers to escalate hate speech diffusion.PNAS nexus · 2023Article
- Combining interventions to reduce the spread of viral misinformation.Nature human behaviour · 2022Article
- Social media mining under the COVID-19 context: Progress, challenges, and opportunities.International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal · 2022Article
- Examining the impact of sharing COVID-19 misinformation online on mental health.Scientific reports · 2022Observational
- Digital Strategy and Social Media for Infectious Diseases.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Social Media: Flattening Hierarchies for Women and Black, Indigenous, People Of Color (BIPOC) to Enter the Room Where It Happens.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Psychological underpinnings of pandemic denial - patterns of disagreement with scientific experts in the German public during the COVID-19 pandemic.Public understanding of science (Bristol, England) · 2022Article
- Stewardship of global collective behavior.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Review
- Persistence of anti-vaccine sentiment in social networks through strategic interactions.Proceedings of the ... AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · 2021Article
- Us and them. Is the COVID-19 pandemic a driver for xenophobia in land transactions in Romania?Land use policy · 2021Article
- CoVerifi: A COVID-19 news verification system.Online social networks and media · 2021Article
- Overview of current state of research on the application of artificial intelligence techniques for COVID-19.PeerJ. Computer science · 2021Article
- Applications of artificial intelligence in battling against covid-19: A literature review.Chaos, solitons, and fractals · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We show that malicious COVID-19 content, including racism, disinformation, and misinformation, exploits the multiverse of online hate to spread quickly beyond the control of any individual social media platform. We provide a first mapping of the online hate network across six major social media platforms. We demonstrate how malicious content can travel across this network in ways that subvert platform moderation efforts. Machine learning topic analysis shows quantitatively how online hate communities are sharpening COVID-19 as a weapon, with topics evolving rapidly and content becoming increasingly coherent. Based on mathematical modeling, we provide predictions of how changes to content moderation policies can slow the spread of malicious content.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.