ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
Estimating genetic nurture with summary statistics of multigenerational genome-wide association studies.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The impact of assortative mating, participation bias and socioeconomic status on the polygenic risk of behavioural and psychiatric traits.Nature human behaviour · 2024Pooled it
- Epigenetic signatures relating to disease-associated genotypic burden in familial risk of bipolar disorder.Translational psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Estimation of direct and indirect polygenic effects and gene-environment interactions using polygenic scores in case-parent trio studies.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Using human genetics to understand the effect of modulating targets of antihypertensive drugs in pregnancy.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Indirect genetic effects across ontogeny in an avian cooperative breeder.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Estimating uncertainty in family-based GWAS.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Characterizing the effects of genetic liability to autoimmune conditions on pregnancy outcomes using Mendelian randomization.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Assessing the impact of maternal blood pressure during pregnancy on perinatal health: a wide-angled Mendelian randomization study.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Imputing Parental Genotypes Through Mendelian Imputation: Ethical and Legal Considerations.Behavior genetics · 2026Review
- Improving estimation efficiencies for family-based GWAS by integrating large external data.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Woolf et al's "GWAS by subtraction" is not useful for cross-generational Mendelian randomization studies.BMC research notes · 2025Article
- Estimation of Direct and Indirect Polygenic Effects and Gene-Environment Interactions using Polygenic Scores in Case-Parent Trio Studies.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- A Litmus Test for Confounding in Polygenic Scores.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Pervasive biases in proxy genome-wide association studies based on parental history of Alzheimer's disease.Nature genetics · 2024Article
- Novel insights into causal effects of maternal nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on adverse pregnancy outcomes: evidence from Human Genetics and Mendelian Randomization Study.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Article
- Controlling for polygenic genetic confounding in epidemiologic association studies.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- DINGO: increasing the power of locus discovery in maternal and fetal genome-wide association studies of perinatal traits.Nature communications · 2024Article
- The goldmine of GWAS summary statistics: a systematic review of methods and tools.BioData mining · 2024Article
- Intergenerational transmission of brain structure and function in humans: a narrative review of designs, methods, and findings.Brain structure & function · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Marginal effect estimates in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are mixtures of direct and indirect genetic effects. Existing methods to dissect these effects require family-based, individual-level genetic, and phenotypic data with large samples, which is difficult to obtain in practice. Here, we propose a statistical framework to estimate direct and indirect genetic effects using summary statistics from GWAS conducted on own and offspring phenotypes. Applied to birth weight, our method showed nearly identical results with those obtained using individual-level data. We also decomposed direct and indirect genetic effects of educational attainment (EA), which showed distinct patterns of genetic correlations with 45 complex traits. The known genetic correlations between EA and higher height, lower body mass index, less-active smoking behavior, and better health outcomes were mostly explained by the indirect genetic component of EA. In contrast, the consistently identified genetic correlation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with higher EA resides in the direct genetic component. A polygenic transmission disequilibrium test showed a significant overtransmission of the direct component of EA from healthy parents to ASD probands. Taken together, we demonstrate that traditional GWAS approaches, in conjunction with offspring phenotypic data collection in existing cohorts, could greatly benefit studies on genetic nurture and shed important light on the interpretation of genetic associations for human complex traits.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.