ArticleEnvironmental analysis, health and toxicology2021
Fibrosis as a result of polyhexamethylene guanide exposure in cultured Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea (SIRC) cells.
Article in Environmental analysis, health and toxicology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Health Effects Associated With Humidifier Disinfectant Use: A Systematic Review for Exploration.Journal of Korean medical science · 2022Pooled it
- Multi-omics study to elucidate molecular mechanism of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p)-induced pulmonary damage in mice.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Effects of Exposure of PHMG-p, a Humidifier Disinfectant Component, on Eye Dryness: A Study on a Rat Model Based onInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Assessment of agonistic and antagonistic properties of humidifier disinfectants to the estrogenic and androgenic receptors by transactivation assay.Toxicological research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Previous research studies on the toxicity of polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) as a humidifier disinfectant majorly focused on lung fibrosis. Considering that disinfectants in humidifiers are released in aerosol form, the eyes are directly exposed and highly vulnerable to the detrimental effects of the PHMG. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the adverse effects of PHMG on the eyes; considering fibrosis as a manifestation of PHMG toxicity in the eye, we evaluated fibrosis-related biomarkers in cultured Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea (SIRC) cells. Cell viability was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, fibrosis-related biomarkers were evaluated through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunoblotting, and oxidative stress was evaluated using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA). Polyhexamethylene guanidine showed cytotoxicity in a time and concentration-dependent manner. Fibrosis related biomarkers including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) increased in both gene and protein levels. Oxidative stress also increased in the PHMG-treated cultured cells. The findings of the present study suggest that PHMG could cause toxicity in the eye as manifested by fibrosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.