ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine2021
Dynamic innate immune response determines susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and early replication kinetics.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 153 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
153 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 210 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Respiratory virus coinfections during the COVID-19 pandemic: epidemiologic analysis and clinical outcomes from the Phase 2/3 molnupiravir trial (MOVe-OUT).Microbiology spectrum · 2024Trial
- Safety and efficacy of the intranasal spray SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dNS1-RBD: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2023Trial
- Viral subversion of B-cell tolerance: mechanisms linking infection to autoimmunity.EMBO reports · 2026Review
- Cell-autonomous immunity as an integrated immune network against bacterial and viral pathogens.Nature microbiology · 2026Review
- Double trouble: how co- and superinfections shape viral dynamics and host responses.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Human Metapneumovirus and Potential Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Interventions in the United States.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Combating respiratory diseases with mucosal vaccines.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Article
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Host mitochondrial apoptotic signatures in children with chronic conditions reveal viral modulation of MCL-1 in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Interferon lambda in anti-viral defense and cancer: dual roles, mechanism and therapeutic potential.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Redundant and distinct mechanisms suppress innate immune activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Article
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Research square · 2026Article
- The Unexpected Visibility of the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Reveals a Hidden Route of Surface Trafficking.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Interferon-sensitized hematopoietic progenitors dynamically alter organismal immunity.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Article
- Molecular epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Novosibirsk, Russia, 2021-2023.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Analysis of pathogenic characteristics of acute respiratory tract infections in children and the influence of environmental factors in Shijiazhuang area.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
93 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Initial replication of SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract is required to establish infection, and the replication level correlates with the likelihood of viral transmission. Here, we examined the role of host innate immune defenses in restricting early SARS-CoV-2 infection using transcriptomics and biomarker-based tracking in serial patient nasopharyngeal samples and experiments with airway epithelial organoids. SARS-CoV-2 initially replicated exponentially, with a doubling time of ∼6 h, and induced interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the upper respiratory tract, which rose with viral replication and peaked just as viral load began to decline. Rhinovirus infection before SARS-CoV-2 exposure accelerated ISG responses and prevented SARS-CoV-2 replication. Conversely, blocking ISG induction during SARS-CoV-2 infection enhanced viral replication from a low infectious dose. These results show that the activity of ISG-mediated defenses at the time of SARS-CoV-2 exposure impacts infection progression and that the heterologous antiviral response induced by a different virus can protect against SARS-CoV-2.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.