ArticleDiabetes care2021
Differences in U.S. Rural-Urban Trends in Diabetes ABCS, 1999-2018.
Article in Diabetes care, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inclusion of Rurality and Social Determinants of Health in Documents for the Primary Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.Metabolic syndrome and related disorders · 2024Pooled it
- Rural-urban disparities in cardiovascular and other competing risk of death among cancer patients.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Promoting Access to Continuous Glucose Monitoring among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Rural Areas: A Report from the Field.Journal of health care for the poor and underserved · 2026Article
- Precision Medicine for Diabetic Retinopathy: Integrating Genetics, Biomarkers, Lifestyle, and AI.Genes · 2025Review
- Exploring the impact of mobile device use on mealtime distractions and its consequences for metabolic health: A narrative minireview.World journal of clinical cases · 2025Review
- Geographic and Sociodemographic Factors and Receipt of Metabolic Disease Specialty Care.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Predictors of Quality of Life Among Older Residents in Rural and Urban Areas in Indonesia: An Approach Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2025Article
- Differences in influenza testing and treatment in micropolitan versus metropolitan areas in the U.S. using medicare claims data from 2010 to 2016.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Rural-Urban Disparities in State-Level Diabetes Prevalence Among US Adults, 2021.Preventing chronic disease · 2025Article
- Rural-Urban Disparities in the Uptake of New Diabetes Medications.Diabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2025Article
- Age-related trajectories of blood lipids and lipoproteins by sex, region, and waist circumference changes in Korea: a longitudinal cohort study.Epidemiology and health · 2025Article
- Telemedicine Integrated Care Versus In-Person Care Mode for Patients With Short Stature: Comprehensive Comparison of a Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Article
- The Arduous Path Toward Equitable Access to Endocrinology Care.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2024Article
- County Rurality and Incidence and Prevalence of Diagnosed Diabetes in the United States.Mayo Clinic proceedings · 2024Observational
- Association Between Pharmacy Proximity With Cardiovascular Medication Use and Risk Factor Control in the United States.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
- Article
- Patterns of Telemedicine Use and Glycemic Outcomes of Endocrinology Care for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Factors Associated With Receipt of Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support for Type 2 Diabetes: Potential for a Population Health Management Approach.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2023Article
- COVID-19 vaccination willingness and uptake among rural Black/African American, Latino, and White adults.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2023Article
- The National Clinical Care Commission Report to Congress: Background, Methods, and Foundational Recommendations.Diabetes care · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine changes in and the relationships between diabetes management and rural and urban residence. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsUsing National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2018) data from 6,372 adults aged ≥18 years with self-reported diagnosed diabetes, we examined poor ABCS:
resultsDuring 1999-2018, the proportion of U.S. adults with diabetes residing in rural areas ranged between 15% and 19.5%. In 1999-2006, there were no statistically significant rural-urban differences in poor ABCS. However, from 1999-2006 to 2013-2018, there were greater improvements for urban adults with diabetes than for rural for BP ≥140/90 mmHg (relative odds ratio [OR] 0.8, 95% CI 0.6-0.9) and non-HDL ≥160 mg/dL (≥4.1 mmol/L) (relative OR 0.45, 0.4-0.5). These differences remained statistically significant after adjustment for race/ethnicity, education, poverty levels, and clinical characteristics. Yet, over the 1999-2018 time period, minority race/ethnicity, lower education attainment, poverty, and lack of health insurance coverage were factors associated with poorer A, B, C, or S in urban adults compared with their rural counterparts.
conclusionsOver two decades, rural U.S. adults with diabetes have had less improvement in BP and cholesterol control. In addition, rural-urban differences exist across sociodemographic groups, suggesting that efforts to narrow this divide may need to address both socioeconomic and clinical aspects of care.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.