ArticleCytokine2021
Type 1 inflammatory endotype relates to low compliance, lung fibrosis, and severe complications in COVID-19.
Article in Cytokine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global geographic and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-associated acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2025Pooled it
- Comparison of the cytokine adsorption ability in continuous renal replacement therapy using polyethyleneimine-coated polyacrylonitrile (AN69ST) or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) hemofilters: a pilot single-center open-label randomized control trial.European journal of medical research · 2023Trial
- Long-term impact of SARS-CoV-2 on recurrent COPD exacerbations.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Divergent roles of serum CXCL9 as a biomarker in ILD and COPD: a comparative study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Clinical Phenotyping in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Steps Towards Personalized Medicine.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- An unbiased tissue transcriptome analysis identifies potential markers for skin phenotypes and therapeutic responses in atopic dermatitis.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Prospects for the Protective Mechanisms and Compounds of Bufei Huoxue Capsule against COVID-19 Convalescence: Evaluation of Integrating UHPLC-HRMS Analysis and Network Pharmacology Strategy.Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening · 2025Article
- Defining a non-eosinophilic inflammatory subtype in COPD: the role of CXCL9 and type 1 immune responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Variation in presepsin and thrombomodulin levels for predicting COVID-19 mortality.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The Association of Endothelin-1 with Early and Long-Term Mortality in COVID-19.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Cellular immunity reflects the persistent symptoms among COVID-19 recovered patients in Japan.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Development of a new HISCL automated CXCL9 immunoassay.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The pathogenesis of coronavirus-19 disease.Journal of biomedical science · 2022Review
- The role of IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors in pathogenesis of COVID-19.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2022Article
- Th1 cytokine endotype discriminates and predicts severe complications in COVID-19European cytokine network · 2022Article
- Pulmonary fibrosis in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Pulmonary fibrosis from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic interventions: lessons from post-COVID-19 patients.Biochemical pharmacology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory disease; approximately 5% of patients developing severe COVID-19. It is known that cytokine release is associated with disease severity, but the relationship between the different clinical phenotypes and inflammatory endotypes is not well understood.
objectiveThis study investigated the association between inflammatory biomarker-based endotypes and severe COVID-19 phenotypes.
methodsInterleukin (IL) -6, C-reactive protein (CRP), C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL) 9, IL-18, C-C motif chemokine (CCL) 3, CCL17, IL-10, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured in 57 COVID-19 patients, and their association with clinical characteristics was examined using a cluster analysis.
resultsSignificantly higher blood levels of the eight inflammatory markers were noted in patients who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) than in those who did not develop ARDS (non-ARDS). Using a cluster analysis, the patient groups were classified into four clusters, of which two had patients with high IL-6 and CRP levels. In the cluster with high levels of Type 1 (T1) inflammatory markers such as CXCL9 and IL-18, 85% of the patients had ARDS, 65% of the patients developed acute kidney injury (AKI), and 78% of the patients developed pulmonary fibrosis.
conclusionsIn the cluster with high levels of T1 inflammatory markers, the patients frequently suffered from tissue damage, manifested as ARDS and AKI. Our findings identified distinct T1 inflammatory endotypes of COVID-19 and suggest the importance of controlling inflammation by monitoring T1 biomarkers and treating accordingly to limit the severity of the disease.
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