ArticleVirology journal2021
Influenza co-infection associated with severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients.
Article in Virology journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 152 citations in OpenAlex.
- Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A/B among patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- The global trends and clinical progress in influenza co-infection: a visualization and bibliometric analysis (2005-2025).Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of the clinical characteristics of influenza-COVID-19 co-infection.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Respiratory viral co-infections in patients with COVID-19 and associated outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Reviews in medical virology · 2023Pooled it
- The role of respiratory co-infection with influenza or respiratory syncytial virus in the clinical severity of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of Coinfection With SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza on Disease Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2021Pooled it
- Temporal shifts in public perceptions of influenza and its vaccine before, during, and after COVID-19 in a fragile nation.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Clinical and genomic characterization of Influenza A co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza B: a respiratory surveillance study in Assam, India.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Infection History Shapes Co-Epidemic Dynamics: A Transmission Source-Pathway Decomposition for COVID-19 and Influenza.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- T-cell repertoire response in individuals with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Reduction of virus isolation effectiveness from throat swab double positive to H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 influenza A virus strain with SARS-CoV-2 virus in cell cultures.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Review
- A study to detect Influenza A and B subtypes and coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 among Severe Acute Respiratory Illness patients from Central India.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2026Article
- Frequency and Demographic Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Virus Infections in Khuzestan: A Retrospective Observational Study (2021-2023).Advances in virology · 2026Article
- Changes in seasonal influenza vaccination uptake among older adults during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: Repeated random telephone surveys.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Preclinical testing of antiviral siRNA therapeutics delivered in lipid nanoparticles in animal models - a comprehensive review.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Review
- Neutral Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Coinfection on the Recombination-Driven Evolution of Endemic HCoV-OC43.Viruses · 2025Article
- Epidemiological characteristics of influenza after COVID-19 pandemic in Zhejiang province, China.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn COVID-19 patients, undetected co-infections may have severe clinical implications associated with increased hospitalization, varied treatment approaches and mortality. Therefore, we investigated the implications of viral and bacterial co-infection in COVID-19 clinical outcomes.
methodsNasopharyngeal samples were obtained from 48 COVID-19 patients (29% ICU and 71% non-ICU) and screened for the presence of 24 respiratory pathogens using six multiplex PCR panels.
resultsWe found evidence of co-infection in 34 COVID-19 patients (71%). Influenza A H1N1 (n = 17), Chlamydia pneumoniae (n = 13) and human adenovirus (n = 10) were the most commonly detected pathogens. Viral co-infection was associated with increased ICU admission (r = 0.1) and higher mortality (OR 1.78, CI = 0.38-8.28) compared to bacterial co-infections (OR 0.44, CI = 0.08-2.45). Two thirds of COVID-19 critically ill patients who died, had a co-infection; and Influenza A H1N1 was the only pathogen for which a direct relationship with mortality was seen (r = 0.2).
conclusionsOur study highlights the importance of screening for co-infecting viruses in COVID-19 patients, that could be the leading cause of disease severity and death. Given the high prevalence of Influenza co-infection in our study, increased coverage of flu vaccination is encouraged to mitigate the transmission of influenza virus during the on-going COVID-19 pandemic and reduce the risk of severe outcome and mortality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.