Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34126951›Full record

ArticleBMC infectious diseases2021

Burden of illness in US hospitals due to carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative urinary tract infections in patients with or without bacteraemia.

Ryan K Shields, Yun Zhou, Hemanth Kanakamedala, Bin Cai

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
23citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

23 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Therapeutic strategies for multi-resistantJAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026
    Review
  2. Article
  3. Carbapenem-resistantbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  4. Observational
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Epidemiological Trends of Carbapenemase-ProducingAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Urinary Tract Infections with Carbapenem-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Observational
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Ryan K ShieldsUniversity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Yun ZhouGenesis Research Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA.
Hemanth KanakamedalaGenesis Research Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA.
Bin CaiShionogi Inc., 300 Campus Drive, Suite 100, Florham Park, NJ, 07932, USA. Bin.cai@shionogi.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0410-8820

Funding

Use of site-specific pharmacokinetics to optimize antibiotic combinations and prevent the emergence of resistance against CRER21AI151363 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI SHIELDS, RYAN K · 2021 to 2022
$431k
Characterization and suppression of resistance to new CRE agentsR03AI144636 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI SHIELDS, RYAN K · 2019 to 2020
$157k
NIAID NIH HHS R03 AI144636NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI151363
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria and represent a major healthcare burden. Carbapenem-resistant (CR) strains of Enterobacterales and non-lactose fermenting pathogens further complicate treatment approaches.

methodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of the US Premier Healthcare Database (2014-2019) in hospitalised adults with a UTI to estimate the healthcare burden of Gram-negative CR UTIs among patients with or without concurrent bacteraemia.

resultsAmong the 47,496 patients with UTI analysed, CR infections were present in 2076 (4.4%). Bacteraemia was present in 24.5% of all UTI patients, and 1.7% of these were caused by a CR pathogen. The most frequent CR pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (49.4%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.2%). Patients with CR infections had a significantly longer hospital length of stay (LOS) (median [range] 8 [5-12] days vs 6 [4-10] days, P < 0.001), were less likely to be discharged home (38.4% vs 51.0%, P < 0.001), had a higher readmission rate (22.6% vs 13.5%, P < 0.001), and had greater LOS-associated charges (mean US$ 91,752 vs US$ 66,011, P < 0.001) than patients with carbapenem-susceptible (CS) infections, respectively. The impact of CR pathogens was greater in patients with bacteraemia (or urosepsis) and these CR urosepsis patients had a significantly higher rate of mortality than those with CS urosepsis (10.5% vs 6.0%, P < 0.001).

conclusionsAmong hospitalised patients with UTIs, the presence of a CR organism and bacteraemia increased the burden of disease, with worse outcomes and higher hospitalisation charges than disease associated with CS pathogens and those without bacteraemia.

Indexed as

Drug Resistance, BacterialAgedAged, 80 and overBacteremiaCarbapenemsCost of IllnessFemaleGram-Negative BacteriaHospitalizationHumansMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsUnited StatesUrinary Tract InfectionsCarbapenemsBacteraemiaCarbapenem resistanceHealthcare burdenUrinary tract infection

Identifiers

PMID34126951
PMCPMC8201721

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.