ArticleBiomaterials2021
Cowpea mosaic virus stimulates antitumor immunity through recognition by multiple MYD88-dependent toll-like receptors.
Article in Biomaterials, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- The tumor microenvironment in triple negative breast cancer and a strategy to improve responses to immunotherapy using cryoablation and immunostimulants.Cancer biology & therapy · 2026Review
- Comparative Evaluation of Plant-Derived Virus-like Particles as Intratumoral Immunotherapy Agents.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Plant-derived nanocarriers & nanostructures for barrier-defined translation: a comprehensive review of mechanisms, targets, and translation.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- From Innate to Adaptive: Paradigm Shifts and Frontier Challenges in Next-Generation Vaccine Design.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Virus-like particles based on plant viruses and bacteriophages: emerging strategies for the delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics.Chemical science · 2026Review
- Bioprinting collagenase-responsive hydrogel for controlled release of cowpea mosaic virus immunotherapy.Biofabrication · 2026Article
- Irreversible electroporation with intratumoral plant virus immunotherapy induces systemic immunity in a metastatic model of pancreatic cancer.Cancer letters · 2025Article
- Toward Translation of Cowpea Mosaic Virus Intratumoral Immunotherapy With a Scalable Production Process.Plant biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Storage stability of cowpea mosaic virus cancer drug candidate - a two-year update.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2025Article
- Structure-function relationship of S protein cleavage in cowpea mosaic virus intratumoral immunotherapy.Biomaterials science · 2025Article
- Comparative analyses for plant virus-based cancer immunotherapy drug development.Cell biomaterials · 2025Article
- Intratumoral Immunotherapy with Cowpea Mosaic Virus and Interleukin-12 Eliminates Established Treated Tumors and Generates Robust Systemic Immunity to Suppress the Growth of Untreated Metastatic Tumors.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Preclinical SC and IV repeat-dose toxicology of a cowpea mosaic virus - A cancer immunotherapy candidate.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- A cowpea mosaic virus adjuvant conjugated to liposomes loaded with tumor cell lysates as an ovarian cancer vaccine.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Pilot Study of Intratumoral Immunotherapy with Cowpea Mosaic Virus Nanoparticles: Safety in Refractory Canine Oral Tumors.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Immune response recalibration using immune therapy and biomimetic nano-therapy against high-grade gliomas and brain metastases.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Review
- Immunomodulatory effects of intratumoral cowpea mosaic virus and calreticulin nanoparticles in canine tumors: early results.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Metastatic Melanoma Treatment and Prophylaxis with S100A9-Targeting Cowpea Mosaic Virus Nanoparticles.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Clinical-grade plant-made nanomaterials: from process design to the construction of a manufacturing facility.Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Plant-Derived Anti-Cancer Therapeutics and Biopharmaceuticals.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), a non-enveloped plant virus, and empty CPMV (eCPMV), a virus-like particle (VLP) composed of CPMV capsid without nucleic acids, are potent in situ cancer vaccines when administered intratumorally (I.T.). However, it is unclear how immune cells recognize these nanoparticles and why they are immunogenic, which was investigated in this study. CPMV generated stronger selective induction of cytokines and chemokines in naïve mouse splenocytes and exhibited more potent anti-tumor efficacy than eCPMV. MyD88 is required for both CPMV- and eCPMV-elicited immune responses. Screening with human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cell toll-like receptor (TLR) reporter assays along with experiments in corresponding TLR-/- mice indicated CPMV and eCPMV capsids are recognized by MyD88-dependent TLR2 and TLR4. CPMV, but not eCPMV, is additionally recognized by TLR7. Secretion of type I interferons (IFNs), which requires the interaction between TLR7 and encapsulated single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), is critical to CPMV's better efficacy. The same recognition mechanisms are also functional in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Overall, these findings link CPMV immunotherapy efficacy with molecular recognition, provide rationale for how to develop more potent viral particles, accentuate the value of multi-TLR agonists as in situ cancer vaccines, and highlight the functional importance of type I IFNs for in situ vaccination.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.