ArticlePLoS pathogens2021
Conservative production of galactosaminogalactan in Metarhizium is responsible for appressorium mucilage production and topical infection of insect hosts.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Disruption of MaPigA, a phosphatidylinositol-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit gene, promotes cuticle penetration and immune evasion through enhancing cell wall α-1,3-glucan in Metarhizium anisopliae.Pest management science · 2026Article
- The role of fungal chitinases in the tripartite interactions among insects, plants and entomopathogenic fungi.Pest management science · 2026Review
- Galactosaminogalactan orchestrates Verticillium dahliae virulence and rhizosphere microbial ecology through multi-partite interactions.The ISME journal · 2026Article
- Dual Disruption of the Immune Cytokine Spätzle Facilitates Fungal Infection of Diverse Insect Hosts.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Accumulation of the spontaneous and random mutations is causative of fungal culture degeneration.Fundamental research · 2026Article
- Glutamate dehydrogenase 2 is required for virulence by facilitating fungal growth in the host hemocoel.Virulence · 2025Article
- MaMsb2, a signaling mucin, is involved in conidiation, stress tolerances, and virulence in the entomopathogenic fungusVirulence · 2025Article
- Fungal evasion ofProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Characterization of theMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Fights on the surface prior to fungal invasion of insects.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- UnderstandingCell surface (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Review
- Promotion of Arabidopsis immune responses by a rhizosphere fungus via supply of pipecolic acid to plants and selective augment of phytoalexins.Science China. Life sciences · 2023Article
- Polysaccharides' Structures and Functions in Biofilm Architecture of Antimicrobial-Resistant (AMR) Pathogens.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- A life-and-death struggle: interaction of insects with entomopathogenic fungi across various infection stages.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Article
- Production of Helvolic Acid in Metarhizium Contributes to Fungal Infection of Insects by Bacteriostatic Inhibition of the Host Cuticular Microbiomes.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Microbiome assembly oniScience · 2022Article
- Host-Pathogen Interactions betweenJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Cell Wall Integrity and Its Industrial Applications in Filamentous Fungi.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The exopolysaccharide galactosaminogalactan (GAG) has been well characterized in Aspergilli, especially the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. It has been found that a five-gene cluster is responsible for GAG biosynthesis in Aspergilli to mediate fungal adherence, biofilm formation, immunosuppression or induction of host immune defences. Herein, we report the presence of the conserved GAG biosynthetic gene cluster in the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii to mediate either similar or unique biological functions. Deletion of the gene cluster disabled fungal ability to produce GAG on germ tubes, mycelia and appressoria. Relative to the wild type strain, null mutant was impaired in topical infection but not injection of insect hosts. We found that GAG production by Metarhizium is partially acetylated and could mediate fungal adherence to hydrophobic insect cuticles, biofilm formation, and penetration of insect cuticles. In particular, it was first confirmed that this exopolymer is responsible for the formation of appressorium mucilage, the essential extracellular matrix formed along with the infection structure differentiation to mediate cell attachment and expression of cuticle degrading enzymes. In contrast to its production during A. fumigatus invasive growth, GAG is not produced on the Metarhizium cells harvested from insect hemocoels; however, the polymer can glue germ tubes into aggregates to form mycelium pellets in liquid culture. The results of this study unravel the biosynthesis and unique function of GAG in a fungal system apart from the aspergilli species.
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