ReviewThe western journal of emergency medicine2021
Sternal Intraosseous Devices: Review of the Literature.
Review in The western journal of emergency medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Intraosseous access in neurological emergencies: a critical narrative review and research framework.Future science OA · 2026Review
- Does the Injection Site Matter During CPR? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Drug Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Intraosseous Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Bone and Hematological Diseases.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- Intraosseous access in the resuscitation of patients with trauma: the good, the bad, the future.Trauma surgery & acute care open · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe intraosseous (IO) route is one of the primary means of vascular access in critically ill and injured patients. The most common sites used are the proximal humerus, proximal tibia, and sternum. Sternal IO placement remains an often-overlooked option in emergency and prehospital medicine. Due to the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq the use of sternal IOs have increased.
methodsThe authors conducted a limited review, searching PubMed and Google Scholar databases for "sternal IO," "sternal intraosseous," and "intraosseous" without specific date limitations. A total of 47 articles were included in this review.
resultsSternal IOs are currently FDA approved for ages 12 and older. Sternal IO access offers several anatomical, pharmacokinetic, hemodynamic, and logistical advantages over peripheral intravenous and other IO points of access. Sternal IO use carries many of the same risks and limitations as the humeral and tibial sites. Sternal IO gravity flow rates are sufficient for transfusing blood and resuscitation. In addition, studies demonstrated they are safe during active CPR.
conclusionThe sternal IO route remains underutilized in civilian settings. When considering IO vascular access in adults or older children, medical providers should consider the sternum as the recommended IO access, particularly if the user is a novice with IO devices, increased flow rates are required, the patient has extremity trauma, or administration of a lipid soluble drug is anticipated.
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Registered trials
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