Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34124644›Full record

ArticleToxicon: X2021

Snakebite envenoming in different national contexts: Costa Rica, Sri Lanka, and Nigeria.

José María Gutiérrez, Kalana Maduwage, Garba Iliyasu, Abdulrazaq Habib

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Toxicon: X, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
25citing papers in PubMed
4.0field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

25 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
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  8. The incidence of snakebite in South Africa and the challenges associated with lack of reporting.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2025
    Article
  9. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.

José María GutiérrezInstituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
Kalana MaduwageDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.
Garba IliyasuInfectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
Abdulrazaq HabibInfectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
Bayero University Kano · NGUniversidad de Costa Rica · CRUniversity of Peradeniya · LK

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease that predominantly affects impoverished rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The global efforts to reduce the impact of this disease must consider the local national contexts and, therefore, comparative studies on envenomings in different countries are necessary to identify strengths, weaknesses and needs. This work presents a comparative analysis of snakebite envenomings in Costa Rica, Sri Lanka, and Nigeria. The comparison included the following aspects: (a) burden of envenomings, (b) historical background of national efforts to confront envenomings, (c) national health systems, (d) antivenom availability and accessibility including local production, (e) training of physicians and nurses in the diagnosis and management of envenomings, (f) prevention campaigns and community-based work, (g) scientific and technological platforms in these topics, and (h) international cooperation programs. Strengths and weaknesses were identified in the three contexts and several urgent tasks to improve the management of this disease in these countries are highlighted. This comparative analysis could be of benefit for similar studies in other national and regional contexts.

Indexed as

AntivenomsCosta RicaNigeriaPublic health systemsSnakebite envenomingSri Lanka

Identifiers

PMID34124644
PMCPMC8175406
OpenAlexW3164482640

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.