Severe tricuspid bioprosthetic valve stenosis as an unusual cause of pulmonary embolism: a case report.

backgroundBioprosthetic tricuspid valve stenosis (TS) is an uncommon and frequently under-diagnosed condition. Although the resulting right heart failure symptoms are well-known, the associated thrombogenic potential is under-recognized. CASE SUMMARY: A 44-year-old woman with bioprosthetic tricuspid valve (TV) replacement in 2001 was referred for urgent consultation due to acute worsening of dyspnoea and severe swelling and pain in her left arm and neck. She was diagnosed with atrial fibrillation 6 months before the presentation and was found to have right atrial (RA) thrombus with pulmonary embolism and extensive retrograde venous extension 1 month prior. Review of studies done at her local institution revealed 10 mmHg mean gradient (MG) across the bioprosthetic TV that was only reported as mild-moderate TS. Echocardiography done at our instruction confirmed suspicion of severe TS with calcified immobile leaflets. Computed tomography showed persistent RA thrombus and therefore surgical replacement of the TV was undertaken. Subsequently, patient's dyspnoea rapidly improved. DISCUSSION: Progressive dyspnoea and symptoms of right heart failure in a patient with a history of bioprosthetic TV replacement should be investigated for prosthetic valve dysfunction. Due to its rarity, TS diagnosis can be overlooked on routine echocardiography. In our patient, despite a measured MG of 10 mmHg, the presence of critical TS was not initially recognized. As TS is associated with increased thrombogenic potential and given the rare occurrence of