ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Sex-Specific Differences of the Inflammatory State in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- ECG Changes Through Immunosuppressive Therapy Indicate Cardiac Abnormality in Anti-MDA5 Antibody-Positive Clinically Amyopathic Dermatomyositis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Animal Models of Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies: Bridging Mechanistic Insights and Clinical Translation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
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- Sex matters: mechanistic insights into sex-driven patterns of autoimmunity and implications for pharmacotherapy.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Crocins Ameliorate Experimental Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Myocarditis by Targeting the Hpx/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Global lifetime risk of developing myocarditis, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Integrated pharmacology and experimental validation reveals potential multiple mechanisms of the neutrophil elastase inhibitor sivelestat in attenuating myocarditis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Global, regional and national burden of myocarditis in adolescents and young adults, 1990-2021: systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Risk elements and diagnostic indicators for asymptomatic immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis in esophageal cancer.World journal of gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Article
- Effect of Estrogen on Sirt1 Signaling in Human Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Epidemiological Analysis of the Decline of Myocarditis Burden - China, 1992-2021.China CDC weekly · 2025Article
- Article
- Levocarnitine improves cardiac energy metabolic remodeling in myocarditis mice.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Markers and miRNAs in a Mouse Model of CVB3 Myocarditis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Sex and Age Characteristics in Acute or Chronic Myocarditis A Descriptive, Multicenter Cohort Study.JACC. Advances · 2024Article
- CD73/adenosine axis exerts cardioprotection against hypobaric hypoxia-induced metabolic shift and myocarditis in a sex-dependent manner.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Article
- Global, Regional, and National Burden of Myocarditis in 204 Countries and Territories From 1990 to 2019: Updated Systematic Analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- Sex and age differences in AMPK phosphorylation, mitochondrial homeostasis, and inflammation in hearts from inflammatory cardiomyopathy patients.Aging cell · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests male sex as a potential risk factor for a higher incidence of cardiac fibrosis, stronger cardiac inflammation, and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in human myocarditis. Chronic activation of the immune response in myocarditis may trigger autoimmunity. The experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) model has been well established for the study of autoimmune myocarditis, however the role of sex in this pathology has not been fully explored. In this study, we investigated sex differences in the inflammatory response in the EAM model. We analyzed the cardiac function, as well as the inflammatory stage and fibrosis formation in the heart of EAM male and female rats. 21 days after induction of EAM, male EAM rats showed a decreased ejection fraction, stroke volume and cardiac output, while females did not. A significantly elevated number of infiltrates was detected in myocardium in both sexes, indicating the activation of macrophages following EAM induction. The level of anti-inflammatory macrophages (CD68+ ArgI+) was only significantly increased in female hearts. The expression of Col3A1 and fibrosis formation were more prominent in males. Furthermore, prominent pro-inflammatory factors were increased only in male rats. These findings indicate sex-specific alterations in the inflammatory stage of EAM, with a pro-inflammatory phenotype appearing in males and an anti-inflammatory phenotype in females, which both significantly affect cardiac function in autoimmune myocarditis.
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