ArticleFrontiers in immunology
Impaired Cytotoxic Response in PBMCs From Patients With COVID-19 Admitted to the ICU: Biomarkers to Predict Disease Severity.
Article in Frontiers in immunology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Changes in the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in individuals with severe COVID-19 treated with high dose of vitamin D.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2022Trial
- Early detection of cytokine storm and IgG levels to predict and prevent severe COVID-19 infection.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Gene Variants in Severe COVID-19 Cytokine Storm Syndrome.Viruses · 2025Article
- Transcriptomic analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveal age-specific basal and acute exercise responsiveness differences in humans.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Protective role of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses against vital organ related long COVID symptoms.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Differences in the peripheral blood immune landscape between early-onset and late-onset colorectal cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Heterogeneity and longitudinal transcriptomic characteristics of Tregs in COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Immune dysregulation and endothelial dysfunction associate with a pro-thrombotic profile in Long COVID.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Different polarization and functionality of CD4+ T helper subsets in people with post-COVID condition.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Article
- Immunovirological and environmental screening reveals actionable risk factors for fatal COVID-19 during post-vaccination nursing home outbreaks.Nature aging · 2023Article
- Alterations in the CD56International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Higher proinflammatory responses possibly contributing to suppressed cytotoxicity in patients with COVID-19 associated mucormycosis.Immunobiology · 2023Article
- Article
- Sustained Cytotoxic Response of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Unvaccinated Individuals Admitted to the ICU Due to Critical COVID-19 Is Essential to Avoid a Fatal Outcome.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Multifaceted roles of Fcγ receptors in COVID-19 and vaccine responses.American journal of translational research · 2023Review
- Persistence of spike-specific immune responses in BNT162b2-vaccinated donors and generation of rapidFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The deciphering of the immune cells and marker signature in COVID-19 pathogenesis: An update.Journal of medical virology · 2022Review
- Effective Natural Killer Cell Degranulation Is an Essential Key in COVID-19 Evolution.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Infection by novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causes different presentations of COVID-19 and some patients may progress to a critical, fatal form of the disease that requires their admission to ICU and invasive mechanical ventilation. In order to predict in advance which patients could be more susceptible to develop a critical form of COVID-19, it is essential to define the most adequate biomarkers. In this study, we analyzed several parameters related to the cellular immune response in blood samples from 109 patients with different presentations of COVID-19 who were recruited in Hospitals and Primary Healthcare Centers in Madrid, Spain, during the first pandemic peak between April and June 2020. Hospitalized patients with the most severe forms of COVID-19 showed a potent inflammatory response that was not translated into an efficient immune response. Despite the high levels of effector cytotoxic cell populations such as NK, NKT and CD8+ T cells, they displayed immune exhaustion markers and poor cytotoxic functionality against target cells infected with pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 or cells lacking MHC class I molecules. Moreover, patients with critical COVID-19 showed low levels of the highly cytotoxic TCRγδ+ CD8+ T cell subpopulation. Conversely, CD4 count was greatly reduced in association to high levels of Tregs, low plasma IL-2 and impaired Th1 differentiation. The relative importance of these immunological parameters to predict COVID-19 severity was analyzed by Random Forest algorithm and we concluded that the most important features were related to an efficient cytotoxic response. Therefore, efforts to fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection should be focused not only to decrease the disproportionate inflammatory response, but also to elicit an efficient cytotoxic response against the infected cells and to reduce viral replication.
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Registered trials
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