ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Aspects of the Tumor Microenvironment Involved in Immune Resistance and Drug Resistance.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 304 papers.
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Who cites it
304 citing papers in PubMed, 490 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Glioma microenvironment: Cellular crosstalk, immunosuppression, and novel therapeutic perspectives.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Potassium channels in cancer: from hallmarks to therapeutic targeting.Journal of physiology and biochemistry · 2026Review
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- Radiotherapy resistance in glioblastoma: Mechanistic insights and novel therapeutic approaches (Review).International journal of oncology · 2026Review
- TALDO1 promotes lipid metabolic reprogramming and immunosuppressive microenvironment remodelling in hepatocellular carcinoma.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Article
- Advances in the design and discovery of small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors for breast cancer.RSC advances · 2026Review
- CDK4/6 Inhibitor-Induced Senescence in Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.Cancers · 2026Review
- Targeting m6A-SCG2-TAMs axis overcomes 5-FU resistance in colorectal cancer via a multi-omics model.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Single-cell transcriptomics reveals glycolytic heterogeneity and identifies STC2 as a key regulator of metabolic reprogramming in osteosarcoma.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
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- Potential of RAD51C as a hub gene and therapeutic target in bladder cancer: insights from bioinformatics and experimental analysis.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of resistance in small cell lung cancer.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Pharmacologic reprogramming of virus-tumor crosstalk enhances measles virus antitumor activity in BRAF mutant colorectal cancer models.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Article
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- Acidosis Drives Vasculogenic Mimicry in PDAC CSCs via Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoform 1 (NHE1) and Calcium Entry.Cells · 2026Article
244 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and ever-changing "rogue organ" composed of its own blood supply, lymphatic and nervous systems, stroma, immune cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). These complex components, utilizing both benign and malignant cells, nurture the harsh, immunosuppressive and nutrient-deficient environment necessary for tumor cell growth, proliferation and phenotypic flexibility and variation. An important aspect of the TME is cellular crosstalk and cell-to-ECM communication. This interaction induces the release of soluble factors responsible for immune evasion and ECM remodeling, which further contribute to therapy resistance. Other aspects are the presence of exosomes contributed by both malignant and benign cells, circulating deregulated microRNAs and TME-specific metabolic patterns which further potentiate the progression and/or resistance to therapy. In addition to biochemical signaling, specific TME characteristics such as the hypoxic environment, metabolic derangements, and abnormal mechanical forces have been implicated in the development of treatment resistance. In this review, we will provide an overview of tumor microenvironmental composition, structure, and features that influence immune suppression and contribute to treatment resistance.
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