ReviewFrontiers in neurology2021
The Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease: A Complex Interplay Between Astrocytes, Microglia, and T Lymphocytes?
Review in Frontiers in neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 159 citations in OpenAlex.
- The central role of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegeneration: implications for therapy.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Review
- Article
- The Dual Role of Glial Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegeneration: Insights from iPSC-Based Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The vicious cycle: unraveling the interplay between α-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease.Journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Functional alterations of peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets in patients with Parkinson disease: A review.Medicine · 2026Review
- Variants in the proteasome regulator PSMF1 cause a phenotypic spectrum from parkinsonism to perinatal lethality.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Quantitative and Qualitative MRI Assessment of Perivascular Spaces in Parkinson's Disease Patients.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Deep brain stimulation reduces subthalamic nucleus pathological dynamics and rescues gait deficits associated with dopamine loss.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Is physical fitness associated with brain structure and function in Parkinson's disease?Brain imaging and behavior · 2026Article
- A review of neurophysiological relationships between sleep disorders and depression.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Review
- Neuro-Immune Crosstalk: Molecular Mechanisms, Biological Functions, Diseases, and Therapeutic Targets.MedComm · 2026Review
- The Mediating Factor of Immune Cell in the Causal Relationship Between Cardiovascular Disease-Related Plasma Proteins and Parkinson's Disease: A Network Mendelian Randomization Analysis.Mediators of inflammation · 2026Article
- Impaired event-related theta spectral coherence in emotional facial expression processing in neurodegenerative disorders.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- CRISPR-based functional genomic screening in neurodegeneration: mechanistic insights into AD, PD, and ALS.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Microglia in the crosstalk between peripheral and central nervous systems in Parkinson's disease.Translational neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by fluorobenzyloxy chalcone derivatives.RSC advances · 2025Article
- From Diabetes to Degenerative Diseases: The Multifaceted Action of Metformin.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Mitochondrial-Astrocyte-Neuron Triad Hypothesis in Parkinson's Disease: A Toxic Feedback Loop of Metabolism, Aggregation, and Oxidative Stress.Neurochemical research · 2025Review
- From Bench to Brain: Translating EV and Nanocarrier Research into Parkinson's Disease Therapies.Biology · 2025Review
- Upregulation of PD-1 on Peripheral T cells Subsets is Associated with Parkinson's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, is characterised by the motor symptoms of bradykinesia, rigidity and resting tremor and non-motor symptoms of sleep disturbances, constipation, and depression. Pathological hallmarks include neuroinflammation, degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein proteins as intra-cytoplasmic Lewy bodies and neurites. Microglia and astrocytes are essential to maintaining homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS), including providing protection through the process of gliosis. However, dysregulation of glial cells results in disruption of homeostasis leading to a chronic pro-inflammatory, deleterious environment, implicated in numerous CNS diseases. Recent evidence has demonstrated a role for peripheral immune cells, in particular T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of PD. These cells infiltrate the CNS, and accumulate in the substantia nigra, where they secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, stimulate surrounding immune cells, and induce dopaminergic neuronal cell death. Indeed, a greater understanding of the integrated network of communication that exists between glial cells and peripheral immune cells may increase our understanding of disease pathogenesis and hence provide novel therapeutic approaches.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.