Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34121949›Full record

ArticleTheScientificWorldJournal2021

Personal Doses of Cocaine and Coca Paste are Adulterated in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia).

Jefferson Urzola-Ortega, Luis Mendoza-Goez, Diofanor Acevedo

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in TheScientificWorldJournal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
0.3field-weighted citation impact, top 49% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Jefferson Urzola-OrtegaFaculty of Medicine, Universidad de Cartagena, Campus Zaragocilla, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia.
Luis Mendoza-GoezFaculty of Medicine, Universidad de Cartagena, Campus Zaragocilla, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia.
Diofanor AcevedoGrupo de Investigación en Innovación y Desarrollo Agropecuario y Agroindustrial (IDAA), Universidad de Cartagena, Campus Piedra de Bolívar, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-7914
University of Cartagena · CO

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Knowledge of drug composition consumed on the streets and the identification and quantification of their adulterants is essential for understanding unexpected side effects, tracking routes, and drug profiling. Therefore, this work aimed to determine the purity and to identify and quantify the main adulterants found in personal doses of cocaine (perico) and coca paste (bazuco) in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). The data collected in this study describe a first attempt to introduce the qualitative and quantitative analyses of adulterants present in street drugs in Cartagena de Indias to improve surveillance. Through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the purity and adulterants were quantified in 45 personal doses of cocaine powder and coca paste. 100% of the personal doses in the city were adulterated; caffeine, phenacetin, and levamisole were the main adulterants identified in cocaine. Besides the above, lidocaine was also found in coca paste. The purity of cocaine varied from 8% to almost 70%, with caffeine ranging from 6% to 42%. In the case of coca paste, the maximum content of cocaine found was 60%, while some samples contained as little as 14%. The results are consistent with other research in terms of the widespread use of caffeine as an adulterant, but they also follow the growing trend of the use of levamisole and phenacetin. The wide range of cocaine content in samples sold in the illicit market could cause undesirable effects on cocaine users who do not know the exact intended dose for consumption; so, this study intends to make these results available not only to academic, public health, and national security agencies but also to tourists entering Cartagena de Indias, so that they are aware of what they are consuming and the risks to which they are exposed.

Indexed as

CocaDrug ContaminationCocaineCocaine-Related DisordersColombiaGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryHumansCocaine

Identifiers

PMID34121949
PMCPMC8172318
OpenAlexW3165484468

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.