Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34118974›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's research & therapy2021

Severe COVID-19 in Alzheimer's disease: APOE4's fault again?

Nian Xiong, Martin R Schiller, Jingwen Li, Xiaowu Chen, Zhicheng Lin

Open access · goldAbstract readLetter
In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's research & therapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
27citing papers in PubMed
5.5field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

27 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Exploring the role of infectious pathogens in Alzheimer's disease neuroinflammation.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026
    Review
  2. Review
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  4. Alzheimer's Disease and Cancer: Common Targets.Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry · 2024
    Review
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  13. Observational
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  19. Impact of COVID-19 on Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022
    Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Nian XiongDepartment of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
Martin R SchillerNevada Institute of Personalized Medicine and School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA.
Jingwen LiDepartment of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
Xiaowu ChenDepartment of Neurology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China.
Zhicheng LinLaboratory for Psychiatric Neurogenomics, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA. zhicheng_lin@hms.harvard.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1372-422X
Union Hospital · CNHarvard University · USShenzhen University · CNUniversity of Nevada, Las Vegas · US

Funding

The Genome Analysis and Sequencing Pipeline (GASP)P20GM121325 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA LAS VEGAS · PI CHEN, JINGCHUN · 2018 to 2022
$11.5M
NIGMS NIH HHS P20 GM121325
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Challenges have been recognized in healthcare of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the COVID-19 pandemic, given a high infection and mortality rate of COVID-19 in these patients. This situation urges the identification of underlying risks and preferably biomarkers for evidence-based, more effective healthcare. Towards this goal, current literature review and network analysis synthesize available information on the AD-related gene APOE into four lines of mechanistic evidence. At a cellular level, the risk isoform APOE4 confers high infectivity by the underlying coronavirus SARS-CoV-2; at a genetic level, APOE4 is associated with severe COVID-19; at a pathway level, networking connects APOE with COVID-19 risk factors such as ACE2, TMPRSS2, NRP1, and LZTFL1; at a behavioral level, APOE4-associated dementia may increase the exposure to coronavirus infection which causes COVID-19. Thus, APOE4 could exert multiple actions for high infection and mortality rates of the patients, or generally, with COVID-19.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseCOVID-19Apolipoprotein E4HumansPandemicsSARS-CoV-2Apolipoprotein E4APOE4BiomarkerComorbidityCoronavirusCOVID-19Peripheral mechanisms

Identifiers

PMID34118974
PMCPMC8197596
OpenAlexW3171600595

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.