ArticleBMC infectious diseases2021
Immunological and virological discordance among people living with HIV on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and determinants of virologic failure among HIV patients on ART in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Virology journal · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The effect of oral probiotics on CD4 count in patients with HIV infection undergoing treatment with ART who have had an immunological failure.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Trial
- Negative influence of age and low baseline CD4 on T helper cell recovery among HIV-infected individuals with fixed-dose combination of tenofovir disoproxil, lamivudine and dolutegravir.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- HIV-driven tumor ecosystem: from chronic immune dysfunction to cancer evolution.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Defining and Predicting HIV Immunological Non-Response: A Multi-Definition Analysis from an Indonesian Cohort.Viruses · 2025Article
- Co-infection with hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2025Review
- Trends Analysis of HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Treatment Outcome in Amhara Regional from 2015 to 2021, Northeast Ethiopia.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Article
- Status and factors associated with patient activation and its relationship with HIV clinic outcomes among Yi minority people living with HIV in Liangshan, China: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Immunovirological discordance among female sex workers who start antiretroviral therapy in Burkina Faso.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Immunovirological discordance among people living with human immunodeficiency virus at a center in Western India: A retrospective study.Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDSArticle
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPeople living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with immuno-virological discordant responses are at an increased risk to develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and severe non AIDS events which are risk factors for death. This study was aimed to assess prevalence of immuno- virological discordant responses and associated risk factors among highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) users in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.
methodsA cross sectional study was conducted from September to December 30, 2016 on 260 people living with HIV who started first line HAART from January 2008 to March 2016 at Mekelle hospital and Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital. Baseline and follow-up clinical data and CD4+ result were collected from patient charts. Besides, socio-demographic data and blood samples for CD4
resultAmong the 260 study participants, 8.80% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) =8.77-8.84%) and 2.70% (95% CI = 2.68-2.72%) had virological and immunological discordant responses, respectively with an overall immuno-virological discordance response of 11.50% (95% CI = 11.46-11.54%). The median age of the study participants at HAART initiation was 35 (IQR: 28-44 years). More than half (58.1%) of the study participants were females. Age at or below 35 years old at HAART initiation (AOR ((95% CI) = 4.25(1.48-12.23), p = 0.007)), male gender ((Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) (95% CI) =1.71(1.13-1.10), p = 0.029)), type of regimen given ((AOR(95% CI) = 0.30 (0.10-0.88), p = 0.028)) and good treatment adherence ((AOR (95% CI) = 0.12 (0.030-0.0.48), p = 0.003)) were associated risk factors for virological discordant response. Likewise, immunological discordant response was associated with tuberculosis co-infections (p = 0.016), hepatitis B virus co-infections (p = 0.05) and low CD4+ count (≤100 cells/μl) at baseline (p = 0.026).
conclusionsOver all, immuno-virological discordance response was 11.5% in the study area. Males, low baseline CD4+ count, poor/fair treatment adherence, and TB and HBV co-infections were significantly associated with higher immuno-virological discordance. We recommend that decision of patient treatment outcome, regimen change and patient management response should be done using trends of both viral load and CD4+ count concurrently.
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