Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34117766›Full record

ArticleMolecular biology and evolution2021

Heterogeneous Histories of Recombination Suppression on Stickleback Sex Chromosomes.

Jason M Sardell, Matthew P Josephson, Anne C Dalziel, Catherine L Peichel, Mark Kirkpatrick

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Molecular biology and evolution, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
30citing papers in PubMed
6.2field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

30 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. The Role ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026
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  5. Emergence of genetic sex determination in an environmentally sex-determined animal.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Sex Chromosome Evolution: Hallmarks and Question Marks.Molecular biology and evolution · 2024
    Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.

Jason M SardellDepartment of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
Matthew P JosephsonInstitute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Anne C DalzielDepartment of Biology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
Catherine L PeichelInstitute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0002-7731-8944
Mark KirkpatrickDepartment of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0039-4172
The University of Texas at Austin · USUniversity of Bern · CHSaint Mary's University · CA

Funding

Genomic causes and consequences of sexually antagonistic selectionR01GM116853 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI KIRKPATRICK, MARK · 2015 to 2022
$3.5M
NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM116853
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

How consistent are the evolutionary trajectories of sex chromosomes shortly after they form? Insights into the evolution of recombination, differentiation, and degeneration can be provided by comparing closely related species with homologous sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and its sister species, the Japan Sea stickleback (G. nipponicus), have been well characterized. Little is known, however, about the sex chromosomes of their congener, the blackspotted stickleback (G. wheatlandi). We used pedigrees to obtain experimentally phased whole genome sequences from blackspotted stickleback X and Y chromosomes. Using multispecies gene trees and analysis of shared duplications, we demonstrate that Chromosome 19 is the ancestral sex chromosome and that its oldest stratum evolved in the common ancestor of the genus. After the blackspotted lineage diverged, its sex chromosomes experienced independent and more extensive recombination suppression, greater X-Y differentiation, and a much higher rate of Y degeneration than the other two species. These patterns may result from a smaller effective population size in the blackspotted stickleback. A recent fusion between the ancestral blackspotted stickleback Y chromosome and Chromosome 12, which produced a neo-X and neo-Y, may have been favored by the very small size of the recombining region on the ancestral sex chromosome. We identify six strata on the ancestral and neo-sex chromosomes where recombination between the X and Y ceased at different times. These results confirm that sex chromosomes can evolve large differences within and between species over short evolutionary timescales.

Indexed as

SmegmamorphaAnimalsEvolution, MolecularRecombination, GeneticSex ChromosomesY ChromosomefishGasterosteusneo-Y chromosomerecombinationsex chromosomesstickleback

Identifiers

PMID34117766
PMCPMC8476171
OpenAlexW3168461532

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.