SynthesisJournal of youth and adolescence2021
Exclusionary School Discipline and Delinquent Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of youth and adolescence, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Interventions to Address Racism in Disciplinary Actions in K-12 Schools: A Systematic Review.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2026Pooled it
- Punitive school discipline as a mechanism of structural marginalization with implications for health inequity: A systematic review of quantitative studies in the health and social sciences literature.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2023Pooled it
- School-based Mental Health Interventions Targeting Depression or Anxiety: A Meta-analysis of Rigorous Randomized Controlled Trials for School-aged Children and Adolescents.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2023Pooled it
- Racial Discrimination, School Climate, and Black Adolescents' Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors: A Longitudinal Moderation.Journal of community psychology · 2026Article
- Variation in Rates of ADHD Diagnoses Across Public Schools in Arkansas.Journal of attention disorders · 2026Article
- Reporter Discrepancies in the Associations Between Mental Health Concerns and School Discipline.JAACAP open · 2026Article
- The effects of early childhood mental health consultation on early childhood teachers' perceptions of children's challenging behaviors, expulsion risk, and the moderating role of teaching stress.Infant mental health journal · 2026Article
- Examining the relationships among child care providers' knowledge of child development, burnout, organizational climate, and expulsion risk: A brief report.Infant mental health journal · 2026Article
- The relationship between harsh parenting and adolescent cyberbullying: a network analysis.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- The Longitudinal Effects of Exclusionary School Discipline on Adolescent Well-Being.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2025Article
- CARES360: A framework for teacher capacity-building in culturally sustaining practices.Journal of school psychology · 2025Article
- Common Elements of Trauma-Informed Schools and Attention to Racial Equity: A Scoping Review.School mental health · 2024Article
- School-based law enforcement strategies to reduce crime, increase perceptions of safety, and improve learning outcomes in primary and secondary schools: A systematic review.Campbell systematic reviews · 2023Review
- PROTOCOL: School-based interventions for reducing disciplinary school exclusion: An updated systematic review.Campbell systematic reviews · 2023Article
- Mechanisms for change: A theoretical pathway for a school-wide social-emotional learning initiative in an urban middle school.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Excluding students from school remains a common form of punishment despite growing critique of the practice. A disparate research base has impeded the ability to make broader assessments on the association between exclusionary discipline (i.e., suspensions and expulsions) and subsequent behavior. This article synthesizes existing empirical evidence (274 effect sizes from 40 primary studies) examining the relationship between exclusionary discipline and delinquent outcomes, including school misconduct/infractions, antisocial behavior, involvement with the justice system, and risky behaviors. This meta-analysis identifies exclusionary discipline as an important and meaningful predictor of increased delinquency. Additional examinations of potential moderators, including race/ethnicity and type of exclusion, revealed no significant differences, suggesting the harm associated with exclusions is consistent across subgroups. These findings indicate exclusionary discipline may inadvertently exacerbate rather than mollify delinquent behaviors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
34117607What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.