ReviewNature reviews. Clinical oncology2021
The immune landscape of common CNS malignancies: implications for immunotherapy.
Review in Nature reviews. Clinical oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- TLR agonists polarize interferon responses in conjunction with dendritic cell vaccination in malignant glioma: a randomized phase II Trial.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- The intersection of chemokine signaling with the hallmarks of cancer in glioblastoma.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Review
- MS4A4A promotes macrophages M2 polarization via NF-κB /JAK-STAT6 axis, resulting GBM malignant progression.Oncogene · 2026Article
- Single cell profiling reveals malignant states and immune landscapes in PCNSL and systemic DLBCL.iScience · 2026Article
- Targeting the tumor microenvironment: reprogramming macrophages as a novel therapeutic strategy in FUOM-deficient glioblastoma.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- The promise of immunotherapy for central nervous system tumours.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Pan-cancer analysis identifies FAM111B as a biomarker for immune suppression microenvironment in low-grade gliomas.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- A machine learning-defined cellular senescence signature systematically enhances prognostication and guides immunotherapy strategies for the treatment of gliomas.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Article
- Unconventional guardians of the brain: MAIT cells as emerging players in glioblastoma immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Neurotoxicity in central nervous system tumors treated with CAR T cell therapy: a review.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Tumor-associated macrophages in meningiomas: a novel biomarker for poor survival outperforming the benefits of T cells.Acta neuropathologica · 2025Article
- Deep learning-based histomorphological subtyping and risk stratification of small cell lung cancer from hematoxylin and eosin-stained whole slide images.Genome medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Immune cell infiltration into brain tumor microenvironment is mediated by Rab27-regulated vascular wall integrity.Science advances · 2025Article
- Tumor-infiltrating and circulating B cells mediate local and systemic immunomodulatory mechanisms in Glioblastoma.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Targeting cGAS-STING pathway for reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages to enhance anti-tumor immunotherapy.Biomarker research · 2025Review
- Clinical management of checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis: Focus, challenges, and future directions.Chinese medical journal pulmonary and critical care medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Comprehensive Analysis IdentifiesCells · 2025Article
- Editorial: Combination immunotherapy and immune response assessment of brain tumours.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Immunotherapy has enabled remarkable therapeutic responses across cancers of various lineages, albeit with some notable exceptions such as glioblastoma. Several previous misconceptions, which have impaired progress in the past, including the presence and role of the blood-brain barrier and a lack of lymphatic drainage, have been refuted. Nonetheless, a subset of patients with brain metastases but, paradoxically, not the vast majority of those with gliomas are able to respond to immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Immune profiling of samples obtained from patients with central nervous system malignancies using techniques such as mass cytometry and single-cell sequencing along with experimental data from genetically engineered mouse models have revealed fundamental differences in immune composition and immunobiology that not only explain the differences in responsiveness to these agents but also lay the foundations for immunotherapeutic strategies that are applicable to gliomas. Herein, we review the emerging data on the differences in immune cell composition, function and interactions within central nervous system tumours and provide guidance on the development of novel immunotherapies for these historically difficult-to-treat cancers.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.