Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34117066›Full record

ArticleScience advances2021

Combining generative artificial intelligence and on-chip synthesis for de novo drug design.

Francesca Grisoni, Berend J H Huisman, Alexander L Button, Michael Moret, Kenneth Atz, Daniel Merk, Gisbert Schneider

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Science advances, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
68citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

68 citing papers in PubMed.

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  11. Lab on an end: Micromanipulation using the acoustohydrodynamic pillar array as an end effector.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
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  13. REINFORCE-ING Chemical Language Models for Drug Discovery.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2025
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8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Francesca GrisoniETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Zurich, Switzerland. f.grisoni@tue.nl merk@pharmchem.uni-frankfurt.de gisbert@ethz.ch.ORCID 0000-0001-8552-6615
Berend J H HuismanETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0002-6818-5983
Alexander L ButtonETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0002-1624-3264
Michael MoretETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0002-8672-3386
Kenneth AtzETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Zurich, Switzerland.
Daniel MerkETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Zurich, Switzerland. f.grisoni@tue.nl merk@pharmchem.uni-frankfurt.de gisbert@ethz.ch.ORCID 0000-0002-5359-8128
Gisbert SchneiderETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Zurich, Switzerland. f.grisoni@tue.nl merk@pharmchem.uni-frankfurt.de gisbert@ethz.ch.ORCID 0000-0001-6706-1084

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Automating the molecular design-make-test-analyze cycle accelerates hit and lead finding for drug discovery. Using deep learning for molecular design and a microfluidics platform for on-chip chemical synthesis, liver X receptor (LXR) agonists were generated from scratch. The computational pipeline was tuned to explore the chemical space of known LXRα agonists and generate novel molecular candidates. To ensure compatibility with automated on-chip synthesis, the chemical space was confined to the virtual products obtainable from 17 one-step reactions. Twenty-five de novo designs were successfully synthesized in flow. In vitro screening of the crude reaction products revealed 17 (68%) hits, with up to 60-fold LXR activation. The batch resynthesis, purification, and retesting of 14 of these compounds confirmed that 12 of them were potent LXR agonists. These results support the suitability of the proposed design-make-test-analyze framework as a blueprint for automated drug design with artificial intelligence and miniaturized bench-top synthesis.

Indexed as

Artificial IntelligenceDrug DesignDrug Discovery

Identifiers

PMID34117066
PMCPMC8195470

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.