Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34115905›Full record

ReviewImmunology and cell biology2021

A decision tree model for neuroimmune guidance of allergic immunity.

Cameron H Flayer, Caroline Perner, Caroline L Sokol

Open access · greenAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Immunology and cell biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
15citing papers in PubMed
1.6field-weighted citation impact, top 17% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

15 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Neuroimmune Circuits in Allergic Diseases.Annual review of immunology · 2025
    Review
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Cameron H FlayerDivision of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Caroline PernerDivision of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0851-1759
Caroline L SokolDivision of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0473-7555
Harvard University · US

Funding

Research Training in Pulmonary Immunology and Allergy at MGHT32HL116275 · NHLBI · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI David C Christiani, ANDREW D LUSTER · 2013 to 2026
$8.6M
The Role of Innate Immune Cell Trafficking in Th2 DifferentiationK08AI121421 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI SOKOL, CAROLINE LAUREN · 2016 to 2020
$990k
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases K08AI121421NHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL116275NHLBI NIH HHS T32HL116275NIAID NIH HHS K08 AI121421
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The immune system defends the body from infectious and non-infectious threats. Distinct recognition strategies have evolved to generate antigen-specific immunity against pathogens or toxins versus antigen-independent tissue repair. Structural recognition, or the sensing of conserved motifs, guides the immune response to viruses, bacteria, fungi, and unicellular parasites. Functional recognition, which is sensing that is based on the activities of an input, guides antigen-independent tissue healing and antigen-specific Type 2 immunity to toxins, allergens, and helminth parasites. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), released from damaged and dying cells, permit functional recognition by immune cells. However, the DAMP paradigm alone does not explain how functional recognition can lead to such disparate immune responses, namely wound healing and Type 2 immunity. Recent work established that sensory neurons release neuropeptides in response to a variety of toxins and allergens. These neuropeptides act on local innate immune cells, stimulating or inhibiting their activities. By integrating our knowledge on DAMP function with new information on the role of neuropeptides in innate immune activation in Type 2 immunity, we describe a decision tree model of functional recognition. In this model, neuropeptides complement or antagonize DAMPs to guide the development of antigen-specific Type 2 immunity through the activation of innate immune cells. We discuss why this decision tree system evolved and its implications to allergic diseases.

Indexed as

HypersensitivityAllergensDecision TreesHumansImmune SystemImmunityImmunity, InnateAllergensallergyinnate immunologyneuroimmunologyneuropeptide

Identifiers

PMID34115905
PMCPMC8490305
OpenAlexW3170980950

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.