ReviewImmunology2021
Diabetes and susceptibility to infections: Implication for COVID-19.
Review in Immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- The involvement of the dysfunctional insulin receptor signaling system in long COVID patients with diabetes and chronic pain and its implications for the clinical management using taVNS.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2024Pooled it
- Interplay Between Insulin Resistance and Immune Dysregulation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Therapeutic Interventions.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2025Review
- Mechanisms of host adaptation by bacterial pathogens.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Insulin may increase disease severity and mortality of COVID-19 through NaJournal of endocrinological investigation · 2023Article
- Diabetes and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Potential Role of Antidiabetic Therapy in the Evolution of COVID-19.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Profiles of Independent-Comorbidity Groups in Senior COVID-19 Patients Reveal Low Fatality Associated with Standard Care and Low-Dose Hydroxychloroquine over Antivirals.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2023Article
- Transcriptome-based analysis of human peripheral blood reveals regulators of immune response in different viral infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Low-dose radiation exaggerates HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction by gut microbiota through PA-PYCR1 axis.Communications biology · 2022Article
- Selective COVID-19 Coinfections in Diabetic Patients with Concomitant Cardiovascular Comorbidities Are Associated with Increased Mortality.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Diabetes and COVID-19: The potential role of mTOR.Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2022Review
- Diabetes and susceptibility to infections: Implication for COVID-19.Immunology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the well-established link between diabetic status and an increased susceptibility to infection. Notably, diabetes has been shown to be one of the strongest factors influencing healthcare outcome in COVID-19 infections. Though it has long been noted that lymphocytes upregulate insulin receptors following immune activation, until recently, this observation has received little attention. Here, we point out key findings implicating dysregulated insulin signalling in immune cells as a possible contributing factor in the immune pathology associated with diabetes. Mechanistically, insulin, by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, regulates various aspects of both myeloid cells and lymphocytes, such as cell survival, metabolic reprogramming and the polarization and differentiation of immune cells. PI3K signalling is also supressed by immune checkpoint proteins, suggesting that insulin signalling may antagonize peripheral tolerance. Remarkably, it has also recently been shown that, following insulin binding, the insulin receptor translocates to the nucleus where it plays a key role in regulating the transcription of various immune-related genes, including pathways involved in viral infections. Taken together, these observations suggest that dysregulated insulin signalling may directly contribute to a defective immune response during COVID-19 infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.