ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Enhancement of the Tolerogenic Phenotype in the Liver by ImmTOR Nanoparticles.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond the Prevention of Anti-drug Antibody Formation with Uricase Therapy: Mechanistic Roles of DMARDs in Modifying Gout Flare Risk.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- Rapamycin nanoparticles mitigate anti-AAV antibody formation in a mouse model of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- Liver Gene Therapy in Fabry Disease Mice With Low Doses of rAAV2/8 Expressing a Codon-Optimized hGLA cDNA Results in Long-Term Disease Correction.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2026Article
- Review
- Nanoparticle-Based Tolerogenic Vaccines: Next-Generation Strategies for Autoimmune and Allergic Disease Therapies.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Review
- Engineered immune-driven theranostics for clinical cardiology.Military Medical Research · 2025Review
- Nanotechnology Approaches for Mitigating Biologic Immunogenicity: A Literature Review.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Effect of rapamycin nanoparticles in an animal model of primary biliary cholangitis.World journal of hepatology · 2025Article
- Nanoparticle platform preferentially targeting liver sinusoidal endothelial cells induces tolerance in CD4+ T cell-mediated disease models.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Engineered nanoparticles promote cardiac tropism of AAV vectors.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Article
- Readministration of high-dose adeno-associated virus gene therapy vectors enabled by ImmTOR nanoparticles combined with B cell-targeted agents.PNAS nexus · 2023Article
- Liver Cell Type-Specific Targeting by Nanoformulations for Therapeutic Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Rescue of infant progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 mice by repeated dosing of AAV gene therapy.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2023Article
- Biomaterial Strategies for Selective Immune Tolerance: Advances and Gaps.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Review
- Tolerogenic nanoparticles mitigate the formation of anti-drug antibodies against pegylated uricase in patients with hyperuricemia.Nature communications · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
ImmTOR biodegradable nanoparticles encapsulating rapamycin have been shown to induce a durable tolerogenic immune response to co-administered biologics and gene therapy vectors. Prior mechanism of action studies have demonstrated selective biodistribution of ImmTOR to the spleen and liver following intravenous (IV) administration. In the spleen, ImmTOR has been shown to induce tolerogenic dendritic cells and antigen-specific regulatory T cells and inhibit antigen-specific B cell activation. Splenectomy of mice resulted in partial but incomplete abrogation of the tolerogenic immune response induced by ImmTOR. Here we investigated the ability of ImmTOR to enhance the tolerogenic environment in the liver. All the major resident populations of liver cells, including liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), Kupffer cells (KC), stellate cells (SC), and hepatocytes, actively took up fluorescent-labeled ImmTOR particles, which resulted in downregulation of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules and upregulation of the PD-L1 checkpoint molecule. The LSEC, known to play an important role in hepatic tolerance induction, emerged as a key target cell for ImmTOR. LSEC isolated from ImmTOR treated mice inhibited antigen-specific activation of ovalbumin-specific OT-II T cells. The tolerogenic environment led to a multi-pronged modulation of hepatic T cell populations, resulting in an increase in T cells with a regulatory phenotype, upregulation of PD-1 on CD4
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.