Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34112094›Full record

ArticleBMC cancer2021

The effect of educational intervention based on health belief model and social support on testicular self-examination in sample of Iranian men.

Ali Khani Jeihooni, Hanieh Jormand, Mehdi Ansari, Pooyan Afzali Harsini, Tayebeh Rakhshani

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Article in BMC cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.8field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.

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  13. Reasons behind the Delayed Diagnosis of Testicular Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Ali Khani JeihooniDepartement of Public Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 7153675541, Shiraz, Iran.
Hanieh JormandDepartement of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
Mehdi AnsariDepartement of Public Health, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
Pooyan Afzali HarsiniDepartment of Public Health, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Tayebeh RakhshaniDepartement of Public Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 7153675541, Shiraz, Iran. public.health1919@gmail.com.
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences · IRFasa University of Medical Sciences · IRHamedan University of Medical Sciences · IRKermanshah University of Medical Sciences · IR

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTesticular Self-Examination (TSE) causes earlier diagnosis of Testicular cancer (TC). Hence, all men aged between15 to 35 years should perform TSE every month. This study aims to survey the effect of educational intervention based on health belief model and social support on testicular self-examination in men aged between 15 to 35 years of Fasa City, Fars province, Iran.

methodsIn this quasi-experimental study, 200 men (100 in the experimental group and 100 in the control group) in Fasa City, Fars, Iran, were conducted from June 2018 to August 2019. The educational intervention for the experimental group consisted of six training sessions (testicular cancer, its prevalence and types, its risk factors, symptoms, infected areas, diagnosis, side-effects and its severity, understanding about testicular self-examination and its importance, benefits, and barriers of self-examination and correct way of doing TSE were discussed, role of social support). A questionnaire consisting of demographic information, knowledge, HBM construct, and social support was used to measure testicular self-examination before, 3 months after the intervention, and 6 months later. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 via chi-squared, independent samples t-test, Mann-Whitney, and repeated measures ANOVA at a significance level of 0.5.

resultsThe mean age of the men was 27.26 ± 3.16 years in the experimental group and 27.39 ± 3.12 years in the control group. Three months after the intervention and 6 months after the intervention, the experimental group showed a significant increase in knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, self-efficacy, cues to action, social support, and testicular self-examination performance compared to the control group.

conclusionThis study showed the effectiveness of the intervention based on the HBM constructs and social support in the adoption of testicular self-examination in 3 and 6 months post-intervention in men aged between 15 to 35 years. Hence, these models can act as a framework for designing and implementing educational interventions for testicular self-examination.

Indexed as

Health Belief ModelSocial SupportAdolescentAdultFollow-Up StudiesHealth EducationHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeHumansIranMaleNon-Randomized Controlled Trials as TopicSelf EfficacySelf-ExaminationTesticular NeoplasmsTreatment OutcomeYoung AdultFasa cityHealth belief modelSocial supportTesticular cancerTesticular self-examination

Identifiers

PMID34112094
PMCPMC8194024
OpenAlexW3166039466

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.