Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34109729›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2022

Unraveling the heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease progression across multiple cohorts and the implications for data-driven disease modeling.

Colin Birkenbihl, Yasamin Salimi, Holger Fröhlich, Japanese Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
27citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

27 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Encoding Discordance in the Alzheimer's Disease A/T/N Framework.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Alpha-synuclein co-pathology in a real-world early Alzheimer's disease cohort.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Aging Brain from a Lifespan Perspective.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2024
    Review
  16. Article
  17. Data-Driven Thresholding Statistically Biases ATN Profiling across Cohort Datasets.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2024
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Colin BirkenbihlDepartment of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany.
Yasamin SalimiDepartment of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany.
Holger FröhlichDepartment of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany.
Japanese Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative

Funding

Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative - SupplementU01AG024904 · NIA · NORTHERN CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE RES &EDUC · PI WEINER, MICHAEL W · 2004 to 2015
$121.0M
NATIONAL ALZHEIMERS COORDINATING CENTER (NACC)U01AG016976 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI KUKULL, WALTER ANTHONY · 1999 to 2020
$72.8M
SUPPLEMENT TO RUSH ALZHEIMERS DISEASE CENTER COREP30AG010161 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI LEURGANS, SUE E. · 1991 to 2020
$49.1M
National Alzheimer's Coordinating CenterU24AG072122 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI STEPHENS, KARI A · 2021 to 2025
$45.8M
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NEURAL RESERVE AND NEUROBIOLOGY IN AGINGR01AG017917 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI BENNETT, DAVID ALAN · 2001 to 2023
$43.3M
RISK FACTORS, PATHOLOGY, AND CLINICAL EXPRESSIONS OF ADR01AG015819 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI BENNETT, DAVID ALAN · 1998 to 2024
$21.4M
NIA NIH HHS P30 AG010161NIA NIH HHS R01 AG015819NIA NIH HHS R01 AG017917NIA NIH HHS U01 AG016976NIA NIH HHS U01 AG024904
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionGiven study-specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, Alzheimer's disease (AD) cohort studies effectively sample from different statistical distributions. This heterogeneity can propagate into cohort-specific signals and subsequently bias data-driven investigations of disease progression patterns.

methodsWe built multi-state models for six independent AD cohort datasets to statistically compare disease progression patterns across them. Additionally, we propose a novel method for clustering cohorts with regard to their progression signals.

resultsWe identified significant differences in progression patterns across cohorts. Models trained on cohort data learned cohort-specific effects that bias their estimations. We demonstrated how six cohorts relate to each other regarding their disease progression. DISCUSSION: Heterogeneity in cohort datasets impedes the reproducibility of data-driven results and validation of progression models generated on single cohorts. To ensure robust scientific insights, it is advisable to externally validate results in independent cohort datasets. The proposed clustering assesses the comparability of cohorts in an unbiased, data-driven manner.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseCohort StudiesDisease ProgressionHumansReproducibility of ResultsAlzheimer's diseasecohort studydata-drivendata miningdisease modelingmachine learningsampling biasstatistical learningtranslational research

Identifiers

PMID34109729
PMCPMC13262070

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.