ReviewPractical neurology2021
Autoimmune encephalitis: clinical spectrum and management.
Review in Practical neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 117 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
117 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 200 citations in OpenAlex.
- High-grade gliomas with autoimmune encephalitis-like presentation: case report and systematic review of the literature.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Pooled it
- Investigating health related quality of life and clinical measures in autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Does the Use of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Improve Clinical Outcomes in Adults With Autoimmune Encephalitis? A Systematic Review.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Identification and diagnosis of ultra-rapid progressive dementia: evidence from a prospective cohort study and systematic literature review.Journal of neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Difficulties in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Hashimoto's Encephalopathy-A Systematic and Critical Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Autonomic Dysfunction and Sleep Disorder in 35 Autoimmune Encephalitis.Sleep medicine: X · 2026Article
- Suspected encephalitis in adults.Practical neurology · 2026Review
- Diagnostic performance of the Philippine Children's Medical Center clinical criteria for pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a retrospective validation in a national referral center.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Persistent Bilateral [Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Contrasting Outcomes in Two Cases of Anti-contactin-associated Protein-like 2 Autoimmune Encephalitis.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Article
- Clinicoepidemiological characteristics of autoimmune encephalitis in the philippines: a multicenter case series study.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
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- The Treatment of Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis: Current, Future Therapies, Unmet Need and Patient Management.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
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- Article
- Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis With Neuropsychiatric Presentation: A Case Report.Cureus · 2026Article
- [18F]fluorodeprenyl-D2 PET can detect and monitor astrogliosis in anti-LGI1-IgG autoimmune encephalitis.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Article
- Longitudinal changes in [European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system: advances in clinical trials and immunotherapeutic strategies.Reumatologia · 2026Review
57 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis defines brain inflammation caused by a misdirected immune response against self-antigens expressed in the central nervous system. It comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders that are at least as common as infectious causes of encephalitis. The rapid and ongoing expansion of this field has been driven by the identification of several pathogenic autoantibodies that cause polysymptomatic neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. These conditions often show highly distinctive cognitive, seizure and movement disorder phenotypes, making them clinically recognisable. Their early identification and treatment improve patient outcomes, and may aid rapid diagnosis of an underlying associated tumour. Here we summarise the well-known autoantibody-mediated encephalitis syndromes with neuronal cell-surface antigens. We focus on practical aspects of their diagnosis and treatment, offer our clinical experiences of managing such cases and highlight more basic neuroimmunological advances that will inform their future diagnosis and treatments.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.