Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34107882›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2021

Understanding measures of racial discrimination and microaggressions among American Indian and Alaska Native college students in the Southwest United States.

Brenna L Greenfield, Jessica H L Elm, Kevin A Hallgren

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
4.5field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Brenna L GreenfieldDepartment of Family Medicine & Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA. green970@d.umn.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-4173-939X
Jessica H L ElmGreat Lakes Hub, Center for American Indian Health, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Kevin A HallgrenDepartment of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 356560, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.
Johns Hopkins University · USUniversity of Minnesota, Duluth · USUniversity of Washington · US

Funding

Alcohol Research Training: Methods & MechanismsT32AA018108 · NIAAA · UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO · PI Katie A Witkiewitz · 2010 to 2026
$5.6M
Physiological Effects of Ethanol on Neural Circuits Mediating Habit FormationR01AA018018 · NIAAA · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI YIN, HENRY · 2008 to 2012
$943k
Developing a tool to assess, provide feedback, and facilitate discussion of mechanisms of change in frontline addiction treatmentK01AA024796 · NIAAA · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI HALLGREN, KEVIN A. · 2016 to 2020
$870k
Discrimination, Substance Use, and Cultural Buffers among AI/AN College StudentsR36DA034112 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO · PI GREENFIELD, BRENNA · 2012 to 2012
$53k
NIAAA NIH HHS K01 AA024796NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA018018NIAAA NIH HHS T32 AA018108NIDA NIH HHS R36 DA034112
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundRacial discrimination, including microaggressions, contributes to health inequities, yet research on discrimination and microaggressions has focused on single measures without adequate psychometric evaluation. To address this gap, we examined the psychometric performance of three discrimination/microaggression measures among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) college students in a large Southwestern city.

methodsStudents (N = 347; 65% female; ages 18-65) completed the revised-Everyday Discrimination Scale, Microaggressions Distress Scale, and Experiences of Discrimination measure. The psychometric performance of these measures was evaluated using item response theory and confirmatory factor analyses. Associations of these measures with age, gender, household income, substance use, and self-rated physical health were examined.

resultsDiscrimination and microaggression items varied from infrequently to almost universally endorsed and each measure was unidimensional and moderately correlated with the other two measures. Most items contributed information about the overall severity of discrimination and collectively provided information across a continuum from everyday microaggressions to physical assault. Greater exposure to discrimination on each measure had small but significant associations with more substance use, lower income, and poorer self-rated physical health. The Experiences of Discrimination measure included more severe forms of discrimination, while the revised-Everyday Discrimination Scale and the Microaggressions Distress Scale represented a wider range of severity.

conclusionsIn clinical practice, these measures can index varying levels of discrimination for AI/ANs, particularly for those in higher educational settings. This study also informs the measurement of racial discrimination and microaggressions more broadly.

Indexed as

Alaska NativesRacismAdolescentAdultAgedAggressionAmerican Indian or Alaska NativeFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedSouthwestern United StatesStudentsYoung AdultAmerican Indian and Alaska NativeCollege studentsItem response theoryMicroaggressionsRacial discrimination

Identifiers

PMID34107882
PMCPMC8190861
OpenAlexW3169655610

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.